Motivation, Emotion and Stress AP Psychology Motivation, Emotion and Stress Essential Task: Identify and apply basic motivational concepts to understand behavior with specific attention to instincts for animals, biological factors like needs, drives, and homeostasis, and operant conditioning factors like incentives, and intrinsic versus extrinsic motivators. Logo Green is R=8 G=138 B=76 Blue is R= 0 G=110 B=184 Border Grey is R=74 G=69 B=64

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Drive Reduction Theory Motivation & Emotion Stress Sources Measures Theories Effects Coping Motivation Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Drive Reduction Theory Arousal Theory Intrinsic/ Extrinsic Motivation Human Drives Theories of Emotion James-Lange Cognitive Appraisal Schachter two-factor Cannon-Bard Opponent Process Explain complex motives (eating, aggression, achievement and sex)

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Drive Reduction Theory Motivation & Emotion Stress Sources Measures Theories Effects Coping Motivation Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Drive Reduction Theory Arousal Theory Intrinsic/ Extrinsic Motivation Human Drives Theories of Emotion James-Lange Cognitive Appraisal Schachter two-factor Cannon-Bard Opponent Process Explain complex motives (eating, aggression, achievement and sex)

Essential Task: Basic motivational concepts to understand behavior Outline Basic motivational concepts to understand behavior Instincts for animals Simple and Complex Drives for humans  Needs Drives (Primary vs. Secondary) Homeostasis Operant conditioning factors Incentives Intrinsic motivators Extrinsic motivators

Motives vs. Emotions Motive Emotion Specific need or desire, such as hunger, thirst, or achievement, that prompts goal-directed behavior a need or desire that energizes behavior and directs it towards a goal. Emotion Feeling, such as fear, joy, or surprise, that underlies behavior

Instincts Instincts are complex behaviors that have fixed patterns throughout the species and are not learned (Tinbergen, 1951). Outline

Continued Most important human behaviors are learned Human behavior is rarely inflexible and found throughout the species Humans have reflexes but not instincts. However, we may be predisposed to act certain ways (Evolutionary Psychology)

Needs vs. Drives A need creates a state of arousal called a drive. A need is a requirement that has to be fulfilled. You need to breathe, drink water and eat food. You need security You need love You need (want) money (lots of it) A need creates a state of arousal called a drive. Drive keeps us motivated and working to fulfill the need. If we are driven by our need for achievement (money, fame, property), we keep working to fulfill this need. Needs cab be biological, emotional and social.

Biological Drives (Primary Drives) Unlearned drive based on a physiological state found in all animals Motivate behavior necessary for survival Hypothalamus Hunger Thirst Sex Evolutionary psychology talks about the four Fs (fighting, fleeing, feeding and reproducing).

Homeostasis (explains why we stop fulfilling biological drives) The ability or tendency of an organism to maintain internal equilibrium or balance. A state of psychological equilibrium obtained when tension or a drive has been reduced or eliminated.

Secondary Drives (not biologically dictated) Learned drives Wealth Success Fame

Operant Conditioning You do things to get rewards and to avoid punishments Go to work Come home at curfew

Operant Conditioning Factors Incentives – environmental cues that trigger a motive or a desire for a reward. When a stimulus creates goal-directed behavior – you do it to get a reward Seeing a cue stimulates a motive. This is why ads use sex. It gets attention and stimulates a desire.

Two General Types of Rewards INtrinsic – from the action itself or from within EXtrinsic – for something else

Intrinsic Motivators Refers to motivation that comes from inside an individual rather than from any external or outside rewards, such as money or grades. It is stronger than external motivation

Extrinsic Motivators Refers to motivation that comes from external or outside rewards, such as money or grades.