1. Psychology in Action (8e) by Karen Huffman
PowerPoint  Lecture Notes Presentation
Chapter 12:
Motivation and Emotion
Karen Huffman, Palomar College
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

2. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Lecture Overview
Theories and Concepts of Motivation
Motivation and Behavior
Theories and Concepts of Emotion
Critical Thinking about Motivation and Emotion
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

3. Important Definitions
Motivation: set of factors that activate, direct, and maintain behavior, usually toward
some goal
Emotion: subjective feeling including arousal, cognitions, and expressions
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4. Theories and Concepts of Motivation
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

5. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Instinct Theory
Motivation that is unlearned, uniform, universal
Instinctual Behaviors:
Competition: Naturally want to win
Aggression: Naturally want to protect self or family
Nurturing: Naturally want to help loved ones
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6. Drive-Reduction Theory
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7. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Arousal Theory
People seek an optimal level of arousal that maximizes their performance.
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

8. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Theories and Concepts of Motivation: (Major Theories of Motivation Cont.)
Psychosocial Theories:
Incentive--motivation results from the “pull” of external environmental stimuli (rewards)
Cognitive--motivation affected by attributions and expectations (controllable)
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

9. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Theories and Concepts of Motivation: (Major Theories of Motivation Cont.)
Biopsychosocial Theory:
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs: interaction of biological, psychological, and social needs; lower motives (physiological and safety) must be met before higher needs (belonging, self-esteem)
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10. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
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11. Motivation and Behavior— Hunger and Eating
The rat on the left had the ventromedial area of its hypothalamus destroyed.
Biological factors: stomach, biochemistry, the brain
Note the size difference in these rats.
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

12. Motivation and Behavior— Hunger and Eating
Psychological factors: visual cues, cultural conditioning
Obesity is common for Pima Indians in U.S., but not for those living in nearby Mexico with traditional diet.
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

13. Hunger and Eating--Eating Disorders
Obesity appears to result from numerous biological and psychosocial factors.
Anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa are both characterized by an overwhelming fear of becoming obese and explained by multiple biological and psychosocial factors.
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

14. Hunger and Eating--Eating Disorders
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15. Motivation and Behavior—Achievement
Characteristics of a high need for achievement (nAch):
Prefers moderately difficult tasks
Prefers clear goals with competent feedback
Competitive
Prefers responsibility
Persistent
More accomplished
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16. Theories and Concepts of Emotion
Three Components of Emotion
Physiological arousal comes from brain (particularly the limbic system) and autonomic nervous system (ANS)
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17. Physiological Component and the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
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18. Theories and Concepts of Emotion
Three Components of Emotion (Continued)
Cognitive--thoughts, values and expectations
Behavioral--expressions, gestures, and body positions
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19. Theories and Concepts of Emotion
Can you identify the social smile versus the genuine, “Duchenne” smile? Real smiles involve muscles around both the eyes and cheeks.
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

20. Theories and Concepts of Emotion-- Four Theories of Emotion
James-Lange: emotions occur after arousal
Cannon-Bard: arousal and emotion occur simultaneously
Facial-Feedback: facial movements elicit arousal and specific emotions
Schachter’s Two-Factor: arousal leads to search for label and then emotion occurs
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

21. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Theories and Concepts of Emotion:
Overview of Four Theories
of Emotion
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22. Critical Thinking about Motivation and Emotion
Intrinsic versus extrinsic motivation extrinsic rewards may lower interest and motivation.
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23. Critical Thinking about Motivation and Emotion—Intrinsic Vs. Extrinsic
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24. Pause and Reflect: Why Study Psychology?
An understanding of intrinsic versus extrinsic motivation can help you restructure your home, family, work, and college environment to maximize intrinsic rewards, which will increase your enjoyment and persistence in important tasks.
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

25. Critical Thinking about Motivation and Emotion— The Polygraph
Polygraph: measures changes in emotional arousal, which in turn supposedly reflects lying versus truthfulness
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26. Critical Thinking about Motivation and Emotion- The Polygraph
The subject’s response on the GSR does rise in response to the second question. But remember that error rates on the polygraph range from 25% to 75%.
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

27. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Critical Thinking about Motivation and Emotion— Emotional Intelligence (EI)
Emotional Intelligence (EI): ability to know and manage one’s emotions, empathize, and maintain satisfying relationships
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

28. Culture, Evolution, and Emotion
Cultural similarities and differences: 7 to10 culturally universal emotions, but each culture has its own display rules governing how, when, and where to express emotions
Role of evolution: strong biological, evolutionary basis for emotional expression and decoding
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

29. Plutchik’s Wheel of Emotions
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30. Psychology in Action (8e) by Karen Huffman
PowerPoint  Lecture Notes Presentation
End of Chapter 12: Motivation and Emotion
Karen Huffman, Palomar College
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)