1. Unit 8: Motivation, Emotion and Stress
WHS AP Psychology
Unit 8: Motivation, Emotion and Stress
Essential Task 8-3: Essential Task:  Identify and apply basic motivational concepts to understand behavior with specific attention to instincts for animals, biological factors like needs, drives, and homeostasis, and operant conditioning factors like incentives, and intrinsic versus extrinsic motivators.
Logo Green is R=8 G=138 B= Blue is R= 0 G=110 B=184
Border Grey is R=74 G=69 B=64

2. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Drive Reduction Theory
Motivation & Emotion
Stress
Sources
Measures
Theories
Effects
Coping
Motivation
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Drive Reduction Theory
Arousal Theory
Intrinsic/
Extrinsic Motivation
Human Drives
Theories of Emotion
James-Lange
Cognitive Appraisal
Schachter two-factor
Cannon-Bard
Opponent Process
We are here
Explain complex motives (eating, aggression, achievement and sex)

3. Essential Task 8-3: Basic motivational concepts to understand behavior
Outline
Basic motivational concepts to understand behavior
Instincts for animals
Biological factors like 
Drives (Primary vs. Secondary)
Homeostasis
Operant conditioning factors
Incentives
intrinsic motivators
Extrinsic motivators

4. Motives vs. Emotions Motive Emotion
Specific need or desire, such as hunger, thirst, or achievement, that prompts goal-directed behavior
a need or desire that energizes behavior and directs it towards a goal.
Emotion
Feeling, such as fear, joy, or surprise, that underlies behavior

5. Instincts for animals NOT humans.
Instincts are complex behaviors that have fixed patterns throughout the species and are not learned (Tinbergen, 1951).
Outline

6. Humans don’t have instincts
Fell out of favor in psychology
A Meta-analysis during the height of this craze found 5759 ‘instincts’
Most important human behavior is learned
Human behavior is rarely inflexible and found throughout the species
Humans have reflexes but not instincts.

7. Biological Drives (Primary Drives)
Unlearned drive based on a physiological state found in all animals
Motivate behavior necessary for survival
Hypothalamus
Hunger
Thirst
Sex
Evolutionary biology talks about the four Fs (fighting, fleeing, feeding and reproducing).

8. Homeostasis – explains why we stop fulfilling biological drives.
The ability or tendency of an organism to maintain internal equilibrium or balance.
A state of psychological equilibrium obtained when tension or a drive has been reduced or eliminated.

9. Secondary Drives – not biologically dictated
Learned drives
Wealth
Success
Fame

10. Operant Conditioning Factors
Incentives – environmental cues that trigger a motive.
When a stimulus creates goal-directed behavior

11. Intrinsic Motivators
Refers to motivation that comes from inside an individual rather than from any external or outside rewards, such as money or grades.
It is stronger than external motivation

12. Extrinsic Motivators
Refers to motivation that comes from external or outside rewards, such as money or grades.