1. DO NOW: Briefly describe the 5 parts of language structure.

2. Introduction to Motivation AP Psychology Ms. Desgrosellier 4.7.2010

3. INTRODUCTION TO MOTIVATION Objective: SWBAT define motivation as psychologists use the term today, and name four perspectives useful for studying motivated behavior.

4. INTRODUCTION TO MOTIVATION Motivation: a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior. Four perspectives used to study motivated behaviors: instinct theory (now research on genetic predispositions and evolutionary influences)

5. INTRODUCTION TO MOTIVATION Four perspectives used to study motivated behaviors: drive-reduction theory: emphasizing the interaction between inner pushes and external pulls) arousal theory (urge for an optimum level of stimulation)

6. INTRODUCTION TO MOTIVATION Four perspectives used to study motivated behaviors: Maslow’s hierarchy of needs (some motives, if unsatisfied, are more basic and compelling than others)

7. Instincts Objective: SWBAT discuss instinct theory and its misuses.

8. Instincts Early instinct theorists were only naming behaviors rather than explaining them. Instinct: a complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned.

9. Instincts Instincts explain behaviors in other species, like newly hatched ducks and geese, and spawning salmon. Also seen in human infants reflexes of rooting and sucking.

10. Instincts However, most psychologists view human behavior as directed by both physiological needs and psychological wants. Instinct theory fails to explain motives. However, the underlying assumption that genes predispose species-typical behavior remains strong.

11. Drives & Incentives Objective: SWBAT explain how drive- reduction theory views human motivation.

12. Drives & Incentives drive-reduction theory: the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need. With a few exceptions, when a physiological need increases, so does a psychological drive. e.g. hunger or thirst lead to eating and drinking.

13. Drives & Incentives homeostasis: a tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state. The regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level.

14. Drives & Incentives incentive: a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior. We are pushed by our needs and pulled by incentives. When there is both a need and an incentive, we feel strongly driven.

15. Optimum Arousal Objective: SWBAT discuss the contribution of arousal theory to the study of motivation.

16. Optimum Arousal Some motivated behaviors increase arousal. e.g. curiosity that drives a monkey to figure out how to unlock a latch that opens nothing. e.g. the 9 month old infant who investigates every accessible corner of the house.

17. Optimum Arousal Human motivation aims to eliminate arousal, but also seek optimum levels of arousal. Lacking stimulation, we may feel bored and look for ways to increase it. However, too much stimulation comes with stress, and then we need to decrease arousal.

18. A Hierarchy of Motives Objective: SWBAT describe Maslow’s hierarchy of needs.

19. A Hierarchy of Motives Some needs take priority over others (e.g. breathing over any other need, etc.) Abraham Maslow created the hierarchy of needs.

20. A Hierarchy of Motives hierarchy of needs: Maslow’s pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first by satisfied before higher-level safety needs and then psychological needs become active.

21. A Hierarchy of Motives We only move up the hierarchy when the previous needs are met. Maslow’s hierarchy is somewhat arbitrary; the order of needs is not universally fixed. e.g. people who go on a hunger strike.

22. A Hierarchy of Motives In poorer nations, financial satisfaction more strongly predicts well-being. In wealthier nations, home-life satisfaction is the better predictor. What motives preoccupy you depend on your situation.

23. A Hierarchy of Motives