1. Theories of Motivation

2. Hope Scale (Activity)

3. Hope: Overall perception that one’s goals can be met.
Hope Scale
Hope: Overall perception that one’s goals can be met.
2 Necessary Components
Agency: willpower or energy (2,9,10,&12 add together)
Pathways: Perceived ability to generate routes to achieve these goals.
(1,4,6,& 8 add together)
People who score high pursue a greater number of life goals. Obstacles are interpreted as challenges rather than threats
The less hopeful tend to react to obstacles with greater stress & report lower levels of life satisfaction, more anxiousness, more fearfulness, and greater depression.

4. What Motivates Us!!??
Jot down as many things that have the capacity to motivate you!

5. Motivation: Factors that influence initiation, direction, intensity, & persistence of behaviors.
WHAT ARE THE SOURCES OF MOTIVATION?
BIOLOGICAL NEEDS
FOOD, WATER, SEX/REPRODUCTION, PAIN
EMOTIONAL FACTORS
EMOTIONS CAN CAUSE US TO ACT IN CERTAIN WAYS (FEAR, LOVE, ANGER)
COGNITIVE NEEDS
BELIEFS & THOUGHTS/PERCEPTIONS CAUSE US TO ACT
SOCIAL FACTORS
PEOPLE & SOCIETY CAUSE US TO ACT IN A CERTAIN WAY

6. Aron Ralston’s Story
Ralston’s thirst, hunger, his sense of belonging to others, and his brute will to live and become a father highlight the force of motivation
Video Clip- Aron Describes his experience

7. Biological Drives (Primary Drives)
Unlearned drive based on a physiological state found in all animals
Motivate behavior necessary for survival (fighting and fleeing – controlled by a brain region called the amygdala).
Many drives are initiated in the Hypothalamus
Hunger
Thirst
Sex
Pain (and coping)
Evolutionary psychology talks about the four Fs (fighting, fleeing, feeding and reproducing).

8. Secondary Drives – These are not biologically dictated
Learned drives
Wealth
Success
Fame

9. Primary vs. Secondary Drives
Primary (Biological) Drives push us to act.
Secondary Drives pull at our actions.
When BOTH are combined we are highly motivated.

10. Go to work Come home at curfew Operant Conditioning
Your behavior is motivated to get rewards or to avoid punishment.

11. Operant Conditioning Factors
Incentives – environmental cues that trigger a motive(desire) for a reward.
When a stimulus in your environment creates goal-directed behavior.

12. Two General Types of Rewards
INtrinsic – from the action itself or from within
EXtrinsic – for something else

13. Mrbayne.com sticker

14. Essential Task: Motivational Theories Drive Reduction Theory Strengths
Weaknesses
Arousal Theory
Yerkes-Dodson Law
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

15. Theories of Motivation
Drive-Reduction Theory
Arousal Theory
Hierarchy of Motives
OBJECTIVE 1| Define motivation as psychologists use the term today, and name four perspectives useful for studying motivated behaviors.

16. Drive-Reduction Theory
Instinct theory of motivation failed it was replaced
Drive-reduction theory.
A physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need (Hull, 1951).
OBJECTIVE 3| Explain how drive-reduction theory views human motivation.
Tension

17. Drive Reduction
The goal of drive reduction is homeostasis, the maintenance of a steady internal state – balance. The regulation of any aspect of body chemistry around a certain level
Drive
Reduction
Food
Empty Stomach
(Food Deprived)
Stomach Full
Organism

18. Drive Reduction Theory
Strengths
Does a nice job explaining most primary drives
Weakness:
Falls apart with secondary drives

19. Optimum Arousal Humans seek optimum levels of arousal.
Sometimes we want lots of arousal
Sometimes we want very low arousal
Some of us tend to want more and some of us tend to want less.
OBJECTIVE 4| Discuss the contribution of arousal theory to the study of motivation.

20. Arousal Theory
People do things in order to seek out an optimal level of excitement at any given moment.
I want a high level or arousal – let’s do something epic tonight. (Let’s go get mrbayne.com tattoos!)
I want a low level of arousal – let’s stay in tonight. (Let’s just click around on mrbayne.com and see where it takes us)
I am bored with my life I need a new job. (LOL)
I am stressed at work, let’s take a vacation.

21. Difficult tasks are best with moderate arousal
Yerkes-Dodson Law
States that if you want to perform well at a task you have to look two things: the difficulty of the task and your arousal level.
Difficult tasks are best with moderate arousal
Simple tasks are best with higher arousal

22. Yerkes Dodson Law

23. Arousal Theory Strengths Weakness
Does a nice job explaining most secondary drives. (Why we work hard for fortune, wealth, happiness, etc…)
Weakness
Doesn’t explain why we do things to help society.
Doesn’t show how we prioritize our motives . . .

24. Hierarchy of Needs
Abraham Maslow (1970) suggested that certain needs have priority over others.
Physiological needs like breathing, thirst, and hunger come before psychological needs such as achievement, self-esteem, and the need for recognition.
OBJECTIVE 5| Describe Maslow’s hierarchy of needs.
( )

25. Hierarchy of Needs