1. Motivation

3. The answer is Motivation
Why do you study or not study for tests?
Why do you exercise or not exercise?
Why do you drive fast or slow?
Why do you eat?
Why are you attracted to who you are attracted to?
Why would someone climb a tall mountain?
Are you driven by a need to achieve, succeed, and prove something about yourself to the world?
What is it that starts your engine and keeps it going?
The answer is Motivation

4. Motivation
“The whys of behavior” (our motives)
A need or desire (impulse) that energizes and moves behavior towards a goal.
Some motivations are obvious while others are very subtle.
Some we can see and observe and others we have to infer based on the behavior we can see

6. Says behavior is motivated by instincts
Motivation Theories
Instinct Theory
Says behavior is motivated by instincts
Instincts:
A behavior that is shown throughout a species and is UNLEARNED.

7. The Instinct Theory… Explains some animal behaviors
Explains some human behaviors
Does not explain other human behaviors

8. Drive-Reduction Theory
We have needs which leads to a drive to meet them because we want balance so we act
Ex: Our basic biological needs (food, water, shelter, etc.) create tension when not met (this tension is called a drive)
These drives (tensions) cause us to seek homeostasis (balance) in our bodies
So we do activities that will get rid off (reduce) the tension (drives) in our bodies
If we skip breakfast, we feel hungry. The need drives us to find food to get rid of the hunger (thus bringing homeostasis)
Drive-reducing
Behaviors
(eating, drinking)
Biological Needs
(as for food, water)
Drive -tension
(hunger, thirst)
We crave
homeostasis
create

9. Drive Reduction Theory –Cont.
Drives can be either Primary (biological needs like hunger) or Secondary (learned needs like money).
However, DRT cannot explain all of our behaviors
Example – skydiving…for fun…
Does not fit with instincts but it also does not seem to satisfy any basic biological need (drive)
So where do these motivations come from??

10. Arousal Theory
Says that we are motivated to seek a level of arousal (excitement)
this arousal drives our behavior
we do not seek homeostasis (balance), but strive for arousal producing activities
Ex: People with a need for high levels of arousal will be drawn to exciting behaviors, like jumping out of a plane, while the rest of us are satisfied with less exciting and less risky activities
Says all of us have an Optimal Arousal Point

11. Optimum Arousal Yerkes-Dodson Law
Too much or too little arousal can decrease performance
basically states that there is a level of arousal which helps performance but only to a point
EX: Think about getting ready for the SATs
If you are too pumped up, your nervous system kicks in and it is hard to concentrate
If you are not aroused at all, you just won’t put your all in and still will not perform well

13. Sometimes, behavior is not pushed by instincts, a drive, or an arousal
Incentive Theory
Rewards or other stimuli motivate us to act
We learn to associate some stimuli with rewards and others with punishment
most of us are motivated to seek the rewards
depends on their incentive value or pull

14. Extrinsic Motivation Intrinsic Motivation More on this later…
A desire to perform a behavior because of promised rewards or threats of punishment
External rewards – “means to an end”
Intrinsic Motivation
A desire to perform a behavior for its own sake and to be effective
Internal gratification – “an end in itself”
More on this later…

15. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs and Motivation
Maslow believed that all of our motivation comes from needs and drive to be self-actualized
Tried to predict which needs we will be motivated to satisfy first
Biological needs first (food and water) and then work our way up.

18. Hunger Sex Achievement
Now that we have some sort of understanding of basic motivational theories, let’s examine some of the biggest motivators of our lives…
Hunger
Sex
Achievement