1. Motivation

2. Motivation: What does it do for us?  Connects our observable behavior to internal states  Accounts for variations in behavior  Creates perseverance in the face of adversity Motivation

3. Motive : Needs, wants, desires, interests that involve ______________________ They can be biological, social, etc. Consider running….Biological? Learned? Cognitive? Social? STIMULUS  MOTIVE  BEHAVIOR So what motivates us?…. Instincts? (old idea) …. Drives? (newer idea) …. Incentives? (rewards ) Motivation

4. Extrinsic vs. Intrinsic Motivation  Extrinsic : Desire to perform behavior because of promise of reward or threat of punishment  Intrinsic : Desire to perform behavior for its own sake, for “internal” reward  Examples? Motivation

5. Extrinsic /Intrinsic: Which is better?  Intrinsic generally has the edge  Extrinsic still valuable, & the two often work together Problems with extrinsic motivation: Behaviors maintained by extrinsic alone may not last once motivation is gone Will a student’s grades go down if parents stop giving them money for earning As & Bs? Evidence suggests removal of extrinsic motivator results in lowered behavior levels Overjustification Effect : if we give extrinsic rewards for things someone already loves to do, the intrinsic motivation may be replaced by the extrinsic motivation (athletes, musicians) Motivation

7. The Theories (what is the stimulus ?):  Evolutionary/Instinct Theories : Inborn behavioral patterns; unlearned,uniform, & universal fixed action patterns Do humans have instincts? The modern view? Motivation

8. The Theories (cont.): Arousal Theories : “motivation” is to achieve/maintain some level of physiological arousal  Drive-Reduction Theory (“Push” theory) : internal state of tension/arousal (the “drive” -- based on physiological need) that motivates (or “pushes”) the organism to reduce the tension, return to homeostasis (or physiological “balance”) Need (food, water) Drive (hunger, thirst) Drive-reducing Behavior (eating, drinking) Motivation

9. The Theories (cont.):  Optimal Arousal Theory : some “ideal” level – if below optimal, motivation to increase, if above, motivation to decrease Zuckerman’s “Sensation-Seeking” Scale…

10. Yerkes-Dodson Law : theory that says a degree of psychological arousal (stress, anxiety, etc.) can actually improve performance, but only to a point; too much or too little arousal will decrease performance.

11. The Theories (cont.):  Incentive Theory (“Pull” theory) : External goals motivate behavior  Modifed by the Expectancy-Value Model : motivation to pursue a given goal depends on your perceived likelihood of reaching the goal and the value of that goal  Incorporates the idea of Locus of Control : our belief that we control the outcome of our own lives (also comes into play in depression theories) Motivation

12. The Theories (cont.): Humanistic Theory: Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Motivation Abraham Maslow (Humanist) Needs motivate behavior Natural hierarchy of human needs “Lower” needs must be met before higher can be met Criticisms?

13. Three “Types” of Motives: Primary Drives (Biological): Necessary for Survival  Hunger – Influenced by: Brain (“Hunger/Satiety Center”), hormones External controls Social influences Culture Motivation  Thirst – Influenced by: Cells & Salt loss/Hypothalamus External/environmental factors  Sex – Influenced by: Hormones Pheromones? Experiences & learning Culture

14. Three “Types” of Motives: Stimulus Motives (Innate): Unlearned, Encourage “Exploration”  Exploration/curiosity: do organisms “need” stimulation? Motivation  Manipulation: may explain our need to touch everything!  Contact: Harlow’s monkey studies

15. Three “Types” of Motives: Learned (Social) Motives  Aggression: may be motivated by pain or frustration – cultural?  Achievement (need to excel): 3 types Work orientation: do a good job Mastery: improve abilities Competitiveness: match skills w/ opponent  Affiliation: work for common cause (“belongingness”) “Joiners” vs. “Loners” Motivation