1. Motivation

2. A need or desire that energizes and directs behavior.

3. Early Motivation Theories Motivation is based on our instincts: A behavior that is patterned throughout a species and is UNLEARNED.

4. Instinct Theory Explains some animal behaviors Explains some human behaviors Does not explain other human behaviors

5. Drive-Reduction Theory The idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need. The need is usually to maintain homeostasis.

6. Drive-Reduction Theory We are not only pushed by our needs but. … Pulled by our incentives: a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior

7. Optimum Arousal Sometimes we do not seek homeostasis. Sometimes we seek arousal. Our needs go beyond reducing drives.

8. Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs