1. Motivation and Emotion
Chapter 11

2. What is Motivation Components
Motive – stimulus that moves a person toward a behavior
Need – lack of something that one desires
Drive – force that pushes a person to act
Incentive – force that pulls a person toward a behavior
Emotions – states of body and mind associated with feelings

3. Primary and Secondary Needs
Primary – needs for basic requirements of life
Food, shelter, oxygen, warmth
Secondary – psychological needs
money, praise, sense of achievement

4. Homeostasis Motivates Behavior
Need to control physiological functions
Breathing, body temperature
Need to keep emotional states within acceptable limits
Lotto winner

5. Theories of Motivation
The Instinct Theory
Human are driven by instincts
Safety, socialization
Problems
Did not explain risky behaviors

6. The Drive Reduction Theory
Drive cause unpleasantness
Organism does whatever is necessary to reduce unpleasant feeling
Problems
People sometimes act counter to what drive-reduction might suggest
Hunger strike

7. The Arousal Theory Stimulation is a primary need
How much stimulation a person needs varies individual to individual

8. Humanistic Theory
People need to do something important with their lives
Hierarchy of needs
Physiological – food, water, shelter
Safety and security – protection and stability
Social needs – love, belonging, acceptance
Ego, status, self esteem needs – recognition, self-respect, knowledge, achievement
Self-actualization – fulfilling one’s potential

9. Cognitive Theories of Motivation
Social-Cognitive Theory
Person compares a mental model of a goal to their current situation
Difference provides the motivation
Cognitive Consistency Theory
Balance between thoughts, beliefs and behaviors
Imbalance creates cognitive dissonance
Make excusses
Change behavior
Not think about behavior

10. Physiological Motivation
Hunger Drive
External factors
Stress, eating habits, food-related cues, presence of eating cues
Internal factors
Hypothalamus, Basal metabolic rate, body set point, taste sensation
Sexual Drive
Need to ensure survival of the species
Also associated with higher needs – belonging, self-esteem

11. Psychological Motivation
Achievement motivation
Influenced by parents or caregivers
Demonstrating value of accomplishment, providing opportunity

12. Extrinsic and Intrinsic Motivation
Money, recognition, avoidance of punishment
Intrinsic
Sense of accomplishment for completing a task, self-satisfaction
Self-improvement
More likely to continue toward a goal

13. Cultural Factors in Motivation
Religion
Social taboos
Do you think cultural factors or biological needs would win out?

14. Emotion States of the body and mind associated with feelings
Have behavioral, physiological and cognitive components
8 basic emotions
Joy
Fear
Anger
Sorrow
Love
Surprise
Disgust
Anticipation

15. Theories of Emotion James-Lange Theory Cannon-Bard Theory
Experience stimulus, body produces a physiological response, we experience an emotion
Cannon-Bard Theory
External stimulus process by the brain, produces physiological response and emotion simultaneously

16. Schacter and Singer’s Two-Factor Theory
Body responds to the stimulus, brain appraises situation and response, appraisal decides emotion
Solomon’s Opponent-Process Theory
Homeostasis is important to emotions. When one emotion is experienced, the opposite is experiences to bring back balance

17. Expression and Emotion
Facial cues provide the most information with regards to emotions
Can be read across cultural borders
Expressions appear to be universal

18. Social Stereotypes and Emotion
Which gender is more emotional?
Which is more empathetic?
Which is more willing to share feelings?