1. What causes us to do what we do?
MOTIVATION & EMOTION
What causes us to do what we do?

2. Terminology Motives Needs Drives
Stimulus that moves us toward a specific goal
Needs
Absolute necessities
Drives
Motivate us to take action

3. About those needs… Biological Psychological 5 Examples…
Necessary for survival
Based on deprivation
Inborn
Psychological
Examples…
Not survival-based
Can be learned

4. About those drives… What role does the Hypothalamus play?
Why do we overdo things?

5. About those motivations…
Instinct Theory
Inborn
“Fixed-Action Patterns”
William James

6. About those motivations…
Drive-Reduction Theory
Clark Hull
Homeostasis

7. About those motivations…
SocioCultural Theory
Just what you think it means

8. About those motivations…
Humanistic Theory
Quest for fulfillment
Self-Actualization
What about obstacles?
Abraham Maslow

9. About those motivations…
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
SELF-TRANSCENDENCE – finding meaning beyond the self
SELF-ACTUALIZATION – fulfillment of potential
ESTEEM – achievement, competence, recognition, respect
LOVE – love, acceptance, belonging
SAFETY – protection, security, stability
PHYSIOLOGICAL – air, food, water, rest, shelter

10. Stimulus Motives Sensory Stimulation Activity
Exploration & Manipulation
Achievement Motivation
Extrinsic or Intrinsic

11. Achievement Motivation
How can we increase response?
Project?

12. Reduced-Tension Motives
Cognitive Consistency
Affiliation
Balance Theory
Cognitive-Dissonance Theory

13. Emotions
What are they?
States of feeling

14. Emotions
What are they?
…and what aren’t they?

15. Emotions Aristotle Anger Shame Mildness Shamelessness Love Benevolence
Envy Pity
Enmity Indignation
Fear Emulation
Confidence Contempt

16. Emotions Ancient Chinese theory All are inborn Happiness Anger Sorrow
Fear
All are inborn

17. Emotions John B. Watson William James Fear Rage Love
Everything we do is designed to gain happiness.

18. Emotions Are they… What is the relationship? Biological ? Cognitive ?
Behavioral ?
What is the relationship?

19. Emotions …are a response of the whole organism, involving
Physiological arousal
Expressive behavior
and Conscious Experience
in an unagreed-upon order.

20. Theories of Emotion James-Lange Theory Arousal comes before Emotion
Changing our Behavior would change the Emotion
Ignores Cognition, Values, & Choices

21. Theories of Emotion Cannon-Bard Theory
The Brain processes a stimulus that causes both Physical and Emotional reactions
Emotions are therefore caused by external stimuli

22. Theories of Emotion Theory of Cognitive Appraisal
Emotions come from our Situational Analysis and the Reactions of Others.

23. Theories of Emotion
Sometimes we simply react to a situation with an emotional response without analyzing it.

24. Do Emotions Evolve? Emotions Adaptation The Role of Play
The Role of Fear

25. Emotions: Lots of Questions
How do we know what emotions someone is feeling ?
Can we “fake” them ?
What if certain emotions linger ?
What if a person had no emotions ?

26. Emotions: Lots of Questions
Are emotions universal ?
Margaret Mead says, “No”
Other studies say, “Yes”
Are happiness surveys objective ?
[ Reliability – Validity measures ]
How about the experiment where moms say their 3-month-old is:
Curious (99%) – Joyful (95%) – Angry (84%)
Surprised (74%) – Fearful (58%)

27. Emotions: Lots of Questions
Can we choose our emotions?
How do we deal with anger ?
Control or Outburst
What is more effective ?