1. Unit 1: Motivation, Emotion and Stress
WHS AP Psychology
Unit 1: Motivation, Emotion and Stress
Essential Task 1-1: Identify and apply basic motivational concepts to understand behavior with specific attention to instincts for animals, biological factors like drives and homeostasis, and operant conditioning factors like incentives, and intrinsic versus extrinsic motivators.
Logo Green is R=8 G=138 B= Blue is R= 0 G=110 B=184
Border Grey is R=74 G=69 B=64

2. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Drive Reduction Theory
Motivation & Emotion
Stress
Sources
Measures
Theories
Effects
Coping
Motivation
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Drive Reduction Theory
Arousal Theory
Biological Factors
Theories of Emotion
James-Lange
Cognitive Appraisal
Schachter two-factor
Cannon-Bard
Opponent Process
Operant Conditioning Factors
Motivation Systems

3. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Drive Reduction Theory
Motivation & Emotion
Stress
Sources
Measures
Theories
Effects
Coping
Motivation
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Drive Reduction Theory
Arousal Theory
Biological Factors
Theories of Emotion
James-Lange
Cognitive Appraisal
Schachter two-factor
Cannon-Bard
Opponent Process
Operant Conditioning Factors
Motivation Systems

4. Essential Task 1-1: Basic motivational concepts to understand behavior
Outline
Basic motivational concepts to understand behavior
Instincts for animals
Biological Factors
Drives (Primary vs. Secondary)
Homeostasis
Operant conditioning factors
Incentives
Intrinsic motivators
Extrinsic motivators

5. Motives vs. Emotions Motive Motives are different from emotions
Specific need or desire, such as hunger, thirst, or achievement, that prompts goal-directed behavior
a need or desire that energizes behavior and directs it towards a goal.
Motives are different from emotions
Feeling, such as fear, joy, or surprise, that underlies behavior
You are more likely to predict behavior that results from a motive than an emotion.

6. Instincts are for animals NOT humans.
Instincts are complex behaviors that have fixed patterns throughout the species and are not learned (Tinbergen, 1951).
Outline

7. Humans don’t have instincts

8. Humans don’t have instincts
This theory fell out of favor in psychology
A Meta-analysis during the height of this craze found 5759 ‘instincts’
Most important human behaviors are learned
Human behavior is rarely inflexible and found throughout the species
Humans have reflexes but not instincts.
However, we may be predisposed to act certain ways due to adaptations from ancestral past– See Evolutionary Psychology in Unit 3

9. Biological Drives (Primary Drives)
Unlearned drive based on a physiological state found in all animals
Motivate behavior necessary for survival (fighting and fleeing – controlled by a brain region called the amygdala).
Many drives are initiated in the Hypothalamus
Hunger
Thirst
Sex
Evolutionary psychology talks about the four Fs (fighting, fleeing, feeding and reproducing).

10. Homeostasis – explains why we stop fulfilling biological drives.
The ability or tendency of an organism to maintain internal equilibrium or balance.
A state of psychological equilibrium obtained when tension or a drive has been reduced or eliminated.
We fulfill drives until we reach homeostasis (balance)

11. Secondary Drives – These are not biologically dictated
Learned drives
Wealth
Success
Fame

12. Primary vs. Secondary Drives
Primary (Biological) Drives push us to act.
Secondary Drives pull at our actions.
When BOTH are combined we are highly motivated.

13. Operant Conditioning
Your behavior is motivated to get rewards or to avoid punishment.
Go to work
Come home
at curfew

14. Operant Conditioning Factors
Incentives – environmental cues that trigger a motive(desire) for a reward.
When a stimulus in your environment creates goal-directed behavior.
Seeing a cue stimulates a motive. This is why ads use sex. It gets attention and stimulates a desire.

15. Two General Types of Rewards
INtrinsic – from the action itself or from within
EXtrinsic – for something else

16. Intrinsic Motivators
Refers to motivation that comes from inside an individual rather than from any external or outside rewards, such as money or grades.
It is stronger than external motivation

17. Extrinsic Motivators
Refers to motivation that comes from external or outside rewards, such as money or grades.