25-1 The Beginnings of Industrialization The Industrial Revolution starts in England and soon spreads to other countries.

Industrial Revolution Begins in Britain  New Ways of Working Industrial Revolution—greatly increases output of machine-made goods. Industrial Revolution—greatly increases output of machine-made goods. Revolution begins in England in the middle 1700s. Revolution begins in England in the middle 1700s.

Disadvantages of the old system Field left fallow People have to walk over your strips to reach theirs No proper drainage Animals can trample crops and spread disease Difficult to take advantage of new farming techniques Because land in different fields takes time to get to each field No hedges or fences

Industrial Revolution Begins in Britain  The Agricultural Revolution Paves the Way Enclosures—large farm fields enclosed by fences or hedges Enclosures—large farm fields enclosed by fences or hedges Wealthy landowners buy, enclose land once owned by village farmers. Wealthy landowners buy, enclose land once owned by village farmers. Enclosures allowed experimentation with new agricultural methods Enclosures allowed experimentation with new agricultural methods

Industrial Revolution Begins in Britain  Rotating Crops Crop rotation— switching crops each year to avoid depleting soil Crop rotation— switching crops each year to avoid depleting soil Livestock breeders allow only the best to breed, improve food supply. Livestock breeders allow only the best to breed, improve food supply. Satellite image of rotated crops in Kansas in June 2001

Industrial Revolution Begins in Britain  Why the Industrial Revolution Began in England Industrialization—move to machine production of goods Industrialization—move to machine production of goods Britain has natural resources—coal, iron, rivers, harbors Britain has natural resources—coal, iron, rivers, harbors Expanding economy in Britain encourages investment Expanding economy in Britain encourages investment Britain has all needed factors of production— land, labor, capital Britain has all needed factors of production— land, labor, capital

Inventions Spur Industrialization  Changes in the Textile Industry Weavers work faster with flying shuttles and spinning jennies Water frame uses water power to drive spinning wheels

Textile Factory Workers in England

Spinning Jenny

 “Carding” is a mechanical process that breaks up locks and unorganized clumps of fiber and then aligns the individual fibers so that they are more or less parallel with each other. This enabled them to be more easily spun into thread. The old method was done by hand using these tools.  carding machine- replaces the hand process of combing out the fibers before they can be spun into yarn or thread.

Inventions Spur Industrialization Power loom, and spinning mule (next slide) speed up production, improve quality.

Inventions Spur Industrialization Factories—buildings that contain machinery for manufacturing

Inventions Spur Industrialization Cotton gin boosts American cotton production to meet British demand "The First Cotton Gin" - An engraving from Harper's Magazine, This carving depicts a roller gin, which preceded Whitney's invention.

James Watt Improvements in Transportation  Watt’s Steam Engine Need for cheap, convenient power spurs development of steam engine Need for cheap, convenient power spurs development of steam engine James Watt improves steam engine, financed by Matthew Boulton James Watt improves steam engine, financed by Matthew Boulton Boulton—an entrepreneur—organizes, manages, takes business risks. Boulton—an entrepreneur—organizes, manages, takes business risks. Matthew Boulton

Steam engine designed by Boulton & Watt. Engraving of a 1784 engine. Reproduction of James Watt's steam engine

Improvements in Transportation  Water Transportation Robert Fulton builds first steamboat, the Clermont, in 1807 England’s water transport improved by system of canals

Fulton’s North River Steamboat as it appeared in 1807, later named Clermont

Improvements in Transportation  Road Transportation British roads are improved; companies operate them as toll roads. These were called “turnpike trusts”. The A4 is a historic major road in England, portions of which are known as the Great West Road and Bath Road.

Improvements in Transportation By the early Victorian period toll gates were perceived as an impediment to free trade. The multitude of small trusts were frequently charged with being inefficient in use of resources and potentially suffered from petty corruption. The railway era spelt disaster for most turnpike trusts. The Round House (Old Toll House) at Stanton Drew

The Railway Age Begins  Steam-Driven Locomotives In 1804, Richard Trevithick builds first steam-driven locomotive In 1804, Richard Trevithick builds first steam-driven locomotive

Trevithick's No. 14 engine, built by Hazledine and Co., Bridgnorth, about 1804, and illustrated after being rescued circa 1885; from Scientific American Supplement, Vol. XIX, No. 470, January 3, 1885.

The Coalbrookdale company then built a rail locomotive for him, but little is known about it, including whether or not it actually ran.

Trevithick's 1804 locomotive. This full-scale replica of steam-powered railway locomotive is in the National Waterfront Museum, Swansea

The Railway Age Begins In 1825, George Stephenson builds worlds first railroad line. He is called the “Father of Railways”. His rail gauge of 4 feet 8½ inches (1,435 mm), sometimes called "Stephenson gauge", is the world's standard gauge.

The Impact of the Railroad

The Railway Age Begins  Liverpool-Manchester Railroad Entrepreneurs build railroad from Liverpool to Manchester Entrepreneurs build railroad from Liverpool to Manchester

The Railway Age Begins Stephenson’s Rocket acknowledged as the best locomotive (1829) Stephenson’s Rocket acknowledged as the best locomotive (1829)

A cutaway view of the cylinder and steam valve of the replica Rocket

Rocket replica

The Railway Age Begins  Railroads Revolutionize Life in Britain Railroads spur industrial growth, create jobs Railroads spur industrial growth, create jobs Cheaper transportation boosts many industries; people move to cities Cheaper transportation boosts many industries; people move to cities