1. 9.1 The Beginnings of Industrialization
The Industrial Revolution starts in England and soon spreads to other countries.

2. Industrial Revolution Begins in Britain
New Ways of Working
Industrial Revolution—greatly increases output of machine-made goods.
Revolution begins in England in the middle 1700s.

3. Industrial Revolution Begins in Britain
The Agricultural Revolution Paves the Way
Enclosures—large farm fields enclosed by fences or hedges
Wealthy landowners buy, enclose land once owned by village farmers.
Enclosures allowed experimentation with new agricultural methods

5. Industrial Revolution Begins in Britain
Rotating Crops
Crop rotation—switching crops each year to avoid depleting soil
Livestock breeders allow only the best to breed, improve food supply.
Satellite image of rotated crops in Kansas in June 2001

6. Industrial Revolution Begins in Britain
Why the Industrial Revolution Began in England
Industrialization—move to machine production of goods
Britain has natural resources—coal, iron, rivers, harbors
Expanding economy in Britain encourages investment
Britain has all needed factors of production—land, labor, capital

7. Inventions Spur Industrialization
Changes in the Textile Industry
Weavers work faster with flying shuttles and spinning jennies
Water frame uses water power to drive spinning wheels

9. Spinning Jenny

12. Inventions Spur Industrialization
Power loom, and spinning mule (next slide) speed up production, improve quality.

14. Inventions Spur Industrialization
Factories—buildings that contain machinery for manufacturing

15. Inventions Spur Industrialization
"The First Cotton Gin" - An engraving from Harper's Magazine, This carving depicts a roller gin, which preceded Whitney's invention.
Inventions Spur Industrialization
Cotton gin boosts American cotton production to meet British demand

16. Improvements in Transportation
Watt’s Steam Engine
Need for cheap, convenient power spurs development of steam engine
James Watt improves steam engine, financed by Matthew Boulton
Boulton—an entrepreneur—organizes, manages, takes business risks.
Matthew Boulton
James Watt

17. Steam engine designed by Boulton & Watt. Engraving of a 1784 engine.
Reproduction of James Watt's steam engine

18. Improvements in Transportation
Water Transportation
Robert Fulton builds first steamboat, the Clermont, in 1807
England’s water transport improved by system of canals

19. Fulton’s North River Steamboat as it appeared in 1807, later named Clermont

20. Improvements in Transportation
Road Transportation
British roads are improved; companies operate them as toll roads. These were called “turnpike trusts”.
The A4 is a historic major road in England, portions of which are known as the Great West Road and Bath Road.

21. Improvements in Transportation
By the early Victorian period toll gates were perceived as an impediment to free trade. The multitude of small trusts were frequently charged with being inefficient in use of resources and potentially suffered from petty corruption.
The railway era spelt disaster for most turnpike trusts.
The Round House (Old Toll House) at Stanton Drew

22. The Railway Age Begins Steam-Driven Locomotives
In 1804, Richard Trevithick builds first steam-driven locomotive

23. Trevithick's No. 14 engine, built by Hazledine and Co
Trevithick's No. 14 engine, built by Hazledine and Co., Bridgnorth, about 1804, and illustrated after being rescued circa 1885; from Scientific American Supplement, Vol. XIX, No. 470, January 3, 1885.

24. The Coalbrookdale company then built a rail locomotive for him, but little is known about it, including whether or not it actually ran.

25. Trevithick's 1804 locomotive
Trevithick's 1804 locomotive. This full-scale replica of steam-powered railway locomotive is in the National Waterfront Museum, Swansea

26. The Railway Age Begins
In 1825, George Stephenson builds worlds first railroad line.
He is called the “Father of Railways”.
His rail gauge of 4 feet 8½ inches (1,435 mm), sometimes called "Stephenson gauge", is the world's standard gauge.

27. Liverpool-Manchester Railroad
The Railway Age Begins
Liverpool-Manchester Railroad
Entrepreneurs build railroad from Liverpool to Manchester

28. The Railway Age Begins
Stephenson’s Rocket acknowledged as the best locomotive (1829)

29. The Railway Age Begins Railroads Revolutionize Life in Britain
Railroads spur industrial growth, create jobs
Cheaper transportation boosts many industries; people move to cities

30. Industrialization: Case Study Manchester
Chapter 9 Section 2
Industrialization: Case Study Manchester

31. Industrial Cities Rise
Factories offered higher wages than farms
People began to live and look better (i.e. homes were heated, clothes were nice)
People moved to cities to find jobs (population grew)
Factories emerged near energy sources
English cities grew immensely

32. Living Conditions
Since population grew so rapidly, there were no development plans or sanitary and building codes
Cities lacked adequate housing, education, and police protection for newcomers
Cities were dirty due to lack of drainage and garbage collection

33. Living Conditions (cont)
Whole families shared one bedroom of a shelter
Sickness spread quickly (Epidemics of cholera were common)
City dwellers had a 17 year life span; Rural living was 38
Well-to-do merchants and factory owners lived in the suburbs

34. Working Conditions 14 hour days / 6 days a week
Dangerous places to work
Women and children worked in factories and mines because they were the cheapest labor

35. Industrialization Spreads
Chapter 9
Section 3

36. Main Idea
The industrialization that began in Great Britain spread to other parts of the world.
The Industrial Revolution set the stage for the growth of modern cities and a global economy.

37. Introduction
Great Britain’s favorable geography, its financial systems, political stability, and natural resources sparked industrialization.
British merchants built the world’s first factories.
Industrial Revolution soon spread to the United States and continental Europe.

38. Industrial Development in the United States
United States had the same resources as Britain.
Rivers, coal, iron ore, and a supply of laborers.
War of 1812 – Britain tried to blockade trade to keep the U.S. from trading internationally.
America’s response?
Manufacture their own goods.

39. Industrialization in the United States
Began in the textile industry.
Britain forbade engineers, mechanics and toolmakers to leave the country.
However, Samuel Slater emigrated to the U.S.
Rebuilt a spinning machine from memory.
Led to easy manufacturing of thread.

41. Lowell, Massachusetts
1813 – Francis Lowell and four others mechanized every stage of textile production.
Very successful.
When Lowell died, town was named after him.
Lowell, Massachusetts became a booming center and model for other towns.

42. Mill Girls Thousands of women flocked to towns to work in factories.
Higher wages and independence.
12 hour days, 6 days a week.
Nice alternative to being a servant.

43. Railroads
Railroads played a major role in America’s industrialization.
Chicago and Minneapolis expanded greatly during the 1800s.
Close location to railroads.
Railroads allowed for easy transportation of goods.

44. Reforming the Industrial World
9.4 Notes

45. The Philosophers of Industrialization
In response to the Industrial Revolution, philosophers came up with a few different economic systems
One new concept was Laissez-faire:
economic policy of letting owners of industry and business set working conditions without interference
free market unregulated by the government
means “let do” in French

46. Adam smith
Wrote The Wealth of Nations (1776): economic liberty=economic progress
He is credited with the idea of free markets/free economy
“Invisible hand” will guide the economy if left alone because people follow their self-interest
3 natural laws of economics:
the law of self-interest: ppl will work for own good
the law of competition: it helps create better products
the law of supply and demand: goods will be produced at the lowest possible price to meet demand

47. The economics of capitalism
Capitalism: economic system where factors of production are privately owned and money is invested to make a profit; helped bring about Industrial Revolution
Thomas Malthus wrote An Essay on the Principle of Population(1798): population increasing faster than food supply=more ppl are destined to be poor and miserable
David Ricardo: Principles of Political economy and Taxation(1817) in market system there will always be a poor class bc too many workers=workers paid cheap bc excess supply

48. utilitarianism
Jeremy Bentham’s idea: utilitarianism: ppl should judge ideas, institutions, and actions based on their usefulness; gov’t should promote greatest good for greatest number of people
John Stuart Mill led the utilitarian movement in 1800s; wanted to equalize ppl, reforms in legal and prison systems and in education; women’s rights

49. The rise of socialism
Opposite to laissez-faire, some believed gov’t should intervene to help poor
Def: Economic system where The factors of production(land, labor, capital) are owned by the public and operate for the welfare of all
Grew out of belief in progress, concern for social justice; gov’t should control economy, help end poverty and promote equality; sought to offset ills of industrialization

50. Marxism: radical socialism
German journalist Karl Marx created radical type of socialism: Marxism
Marx along with Engels wrote The Communist Manifesto
Human societies have always been divided into warring classes, bourgeoisie (employers, “haves”) and the proletariat (workers, “have nots”)
predicted overthrow of society by proletariat