1. { 12.2 Notes: The Beginnings of Change

2.  Terms  Enclosure movement: trend for large landowners to gradually fence & include private & public common lands in their estates.  Capital: money available to invest in business.  Entrepreneur: person who undertakes risks to establish a business.  Factory system: method of production in which goods are made by workers and machines in one location (factory) outside their homes.

3.  Series of inventions and new procedures change economies in Europe & America.  1700s- Landowners in Great Britain enclose fields- makes farming more productive.  Called enclosure system.  Small farmers move to town/cities to work in industry, as they are no longer dependent on village lands. From Farms to the Big City!

4.  Crop rotation & different types of soil increase farm productivity.  Lord Townsend grew turnips to enrich soil.  Robert Bakewell bred strong horses for farm work & fatter sheep/cattle (meat).  Jethro Tull- invents seed drill to plant in orderly rows.  Landowners made money to invest in industries. Farm Productivity

5.  What are key elements for industrial success in Great Britain?  Capital, natural resources & labor supply  1700s- Landowners with capital invest in labor, machines & raw materials & get wealthy.  Commerce and trade increased.  Merchants & shopkeepers wealthy.

6.  Great Britain rich in natural resources- harbors, rivers.  Water power for industries & transport of raw materials & goods.  Iron- steel for machinery.  Coal- fuel industry. Resources:

7.  Who organized & managed the businesses?  Entrepreneurs- people in middle/upper classes.  Domestic System gives way to Textile Industry.  British want cotton cloth. Production expanded.  1733- John Kay- “Flying Shuttle” improves loom for weaving- makes more material.  Need more yarn for material.  James Hargreaves invents “Spinning Jenny” in 1760’s to do this.

8.  1768- Robert Arkwright- water frame- spinning machine ran on waterpower.  1779- Samuel Crompton- spinning mule- combined features of spinning jenny & water frame- thread into muslin cloth.  1787- Edmund Cartwright develops power loom for weavers.  Need for cotton- Cotton Gin, 1793, Eli Whitney.  Separated seeds from cotton more efficiently than by hand. V. Important People:

9. Water Frame: Spinning Jenny:Spinning Mule:

10.  Factory System  Cloth production went from homes to buildings near waterways.  Water powered machines & transportation for raw materials & finished cloth.  Factory System needed more power than horses or water provided.  Steam power introduced.  James Watt designs steam engine.  Advantage? Factories could run year round even if water flows slowly or water is frozen.

11.  1801- Robert Trevithick brought steam-powered travel to land.  Steam-powered carriage on wheels.  3 years later- steam locomotive on rails. Steam-Powered Energy:

12.  1807- Robert Fulton’s steamboat.  Railroads & steamboats pave the way for global economy & new investments. Railroads and Steamboats:

13.  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ntCVmHE NyOA http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ntCVmHE NyOA http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ntCVmHE NyOA Wrap-Up: VLA