1. The Beginning of Industrialization

2. Industrial Revolution Begins in Britain
Industrial Revolution (1700s) – increased output of machine-made goods
England originally populated by small, village landowners
Larger land owners bought these smaller farms
More efficient for the larger landowners to work the whole plot

3. Agricultural Revolution
Wealthy enclosed land with fences – enclosures
Wealthy buying land had two outcomes:
Experiment with way to grow crops
Small land-owners become tenant farmers or move to cities
Jethro Tull
Seed drill – farmers sow seeds in well-spaced rows at specific depths

4. Rotating Crops and Livestock Genetics
Three-field system
1st year – crop hard on soil - wheat
2nd year - plant a root crop to restore the nutrients
3rd year - fallow
Robert Bakewell – increased mutton yield by allowing his best sheep to breed
Increased food and cloth
More wealthy wanted large farms

5. Why England? Large population Many different natural resources:
Water power/rivers
Coal
Iron ore
Harbors
Expanding economy
Bank loans – more people could borrow money to buy machines
Stable country
Parliament passed laws to protect businesses

6. Inventions Spur Industrialization
Before the revolution, cottage industry used for textiles
1 person sells Wool to another – make thread
Thread sold - weave it into cloth
Cloth sold - sow it into clothing
Slow– made cloth expensive
Invention make it process faster, also makes it cheaper

7. Changes in Textiles John Kay (1733) – flying shuttle
Used to make cloth
Shuttle that moved back and forth on wheels
Easier for weavers since a machine did the work
Traditional weavers could not keep up
James Hargreaves (1764) – Spinning Jenny
Used to make thread
Spinning wheel that allowed one spinner to work eight threads

8. Changes in Textiles Richard Arkwright (1769) – water frame
Used for thread
Waterpower to drive spinning wheels
Samuel Crompton (1779) – spinning mule
Combination of the spinning jenny and water frame
Made thread stronger, finer, and more consistent

9. Changes in Textiles Creation of factories – too big for home use
Machines were bulky
Needed water to run efficiently
Wealthy merchants bought factories
Started to buy
more cotton from
America and India
Eli Whitney (1793)
Cotton gin
Cleaned cotton
faster and more
effectively

10. Improvements in Transportation
Coal first main source of power
Problem: needed coal to mine coal
Steam-powered pumps - removed water from mine shafts but needed coal to run
James Watt (1765) – steam engine
Faster and burned less fuel
Called the separate condenser
Matthew Boulton – joined with Watt to sell engines
Entrepreneur – person who organizes, manages, and takes on business risks

11. Improvements in Transportation
Water Transportation
Robert Fulton (1807) – steamboat
Bought Watt engine
Built a boat around it
first steam-powered boat, the Clermont
Ferried passengers on the Hudson River (NY)
England, water transport was improved with canals
Cut costs of production since shipping was cheaper
Simpler to get goods where they needed to go

12. Road Transportation John McAdams (1800s) – improved roads
Equipped road beds with a layer of large stones for drainage
On top he placed a smoothed layer of crushed rock
Called “macadam” roads
Companies built roads and operated them for profit
Toll-gates were used to pay for them

13. The Railroad Becomes a Thing
Steam-driven trains
Richard Trevithick (1804)
Won a contest hauling ten tons of iron over ten miles with steam-driven locomotive
People then built on his ideas
George Stephenson (1821)
Built the world’s first railway line
Liverpool-Manchester Railroad opened in 1830

14. Effects of the Railroads
Spurred industrial growth
Cheap to transport materials and finished products
Created new jobs for railroad workers and miners
Grew England’s agricultural and fishing industries
Now could transport their products to distant cities
Encouraged country people to take city jobs