CHECK IN ??????? Describe what you see in this picture. How does it make you feel/how do you react?

REVIEW Nation Nation Shared traits? State State Nation-State Nation-State

Agricultural Revolution (Britain) 1700:wealthy landowners begin buying up village farmers’ land 1700:wealthy landowners begin buying up village farmers’ land Enclosures (put up fences or hedges) Enclosures (put up fences or hedges) More land=new agricultural methods Crop Rotation Forced small farmers to become tenant farmers or move to cities

Food supplies increase…what does this lead to? What is the importance of food?

Why Britain??? Large population of workers Large population of workers NATURAL RESOURCES (water, coal, iron ore, rivers, harbors) NATURAL RESOURCES (water, coal, iron ore, rivers, harbors) Expanding economy & banking Expanding economy & banking Political stability (NO WARS ON LAND) Political stability (NO WARS ON LAND)

FACTORS OF PRODUCTION LANDLABORCAPITAL ENTREPRNERSHIP Natural ResourcesWorkersMoney, MachinesPeople w/ ideas

In your books… Pg Choose what you believe to be the most important advancements from this time period and create/fill in the following chart (you will have more than two rows)… InventorInventionEffect

InventorInventionEffect John Kay (1733) Flying Shuttle Made weaving more efficient, but led to a need for better spinning machines. James Hargreaves (1764) Spinning Jenny Push to create machine that makes better thread. (Mechanically drew out cotton fibers and twisted them into threads. Spinner could work 8 threads at a time. All done by hand.)

InventorInventionEffect Richard Arkwright (1769) Water Frame Creation of cotton mills. Samuel Crompton (1779) Spinning Mule Stronger thread at lower cost. Helped increase British cotton sales and decrease imports.

InventorInventionEffect James Watt (1774) Steam Engine Faster and more efficient steam engine. Later used to propel boats. Robert Fulton (1788) Steamboat Faster travel on longer distances. Network of canals. George Stephenson (1821) World’s 1 st Railroad Line Fast & cheap transport of materials. NEW JOBS. Easier travel for work. Charles Wheatstone & William Cooke (1837) Five-wire telegraph Made railways safer. Easier crime-fighting.

Industrialism  City Growth Urbanization: city building and the movement of people to cities Urbanization: city building and the movement of people to cities European urban areas double in population (at least) European urban areas double in population (at least) Infrastructure: basic physical and organizational structures and facilities Infrastructure: basic physical and organizational structures and facilities Ex: schools, hospitals, paved roads, etc. Ex: schools, hospitals, paved roads, etc. New cities had NONE of this!!! New cities had NONE of this!!! No development plans & sanitation codes No development plans & sanitation codes

Industrialization  Poor Working Conditions Average worker spent 14 hours a day, 6 days a week on the job Average worker spent 14 hours a day, 6 days a week on the job Bad working conditions Bad working conditions Unclean Unclean Not well lit Not well lit Unsafe machinery and no government aid/protection for injury Unsafe machinery and no government aid/protection for injury

"I began work at the mill in Bradford when I was nine years old……we began at six in the morning and worked until nine at night. When business was brisk, we began at five and worked until ten in the evening." - Hannah Brown, interviewed in 1832

"Very often the children are woken at four in the morning. The children are carried on the backs of the older children asleep to the mill, and they see no more of their parents till they go home at night and are sent to bed." - Richard Oastler, interviewed in 1832

"Sarah Golding was poorly and so she stopped her machine. James Birch, the overlooker, knocked her to the floor. She got up as well as she could. He knocked her down again. Then she was carried to her house she was found dead in her bed. There was another girl called Mary......she knocked her food can to the floor. The master, Mr. Newton, kicked her and caused her to wear away till she died. There was another, Caroline Thompson, who was beaten till she went out of her mind. The overlookers used to cut off the hair of any girl caught talking to a lad. This head shaving was a dreadful punishment. We were more afraid of it than any other punishment for girls are proud of their hair.” - An interview in 1849 with an unknown woman who worked in a cotton factory as a child.

Impact of Industrialization: Higher life expectancy overall Higher life expectancy overall Growth of strong middle class Growth of strong middle class More democratic participation  social reform More democratic participation  social reform Union formation Union formation Fight for better working conditions and higher pay Fight for better working conditions and higher pay Strike if demands not met Strike if demands not met Combination Acts of 1799 & 1800 repealed in 1824 Combination Acts of 1799 & 1800 repealed in 1824

Impact of Industrialization (Cont.): In Britain… Factory Act 1833: illegal to hire child under 9 years old Factory Act 1833: illegal to hire child under 9 years old 9-12 yr olds could not work more than 8 hrs/day 9-12 yr olds could not work more than 8 hrs/day yr olds could not work more than 12 hrs/day yr olds could not work more than 12 hrs/day Mine Act 1842: Women and children cannot work underground Mine Act 1842: Women and children cannot work underground Ten Hours Act 1847: 10 hour workday for women and children in factories Ten Hours Act 1847: 10 hour workday for women and children in factories 1833 abolition of slavery (William Wilberforce) 1833 abolition of slavery (William Wilberforce) 1888 International Council for Women 1888 International Council for Women 1800’s free public schooling 1800’s free public schooling

GLOBAL INEQUALITY (industrialized vs. non- industrialized) IMPERIALISM