1. The Industrial Revolution

2. Industrial Revolution The shift, beginning in England during the 18 th century, from making goods by hand to making them by machine. The shift, beginning in England during the 18 th century, from making goods by hand to making them by machine. Began with changes in Began with changes in agriculture (farming) and textiles (cloth goods).

3. Industrial Revolution Began in England because England controlled all necessary factors of production: Began in England because England controlled all necessary factors of production: Land- Space for farms / factories Land- Space for farms / factories Labor- Large population of workers Labor- Large population of workers Capital- Strong economy, resources, and many entrepreneurs Capital- Strong economy, resources, and many entrepreneurs

4. Industrial Revolution England’s Natural Resources: England’s Natural Resources: Coal- Fuel / Power source Coal- Fuel / Power source Iron - Construction material Iron - Construction material Rivers- Fuel / power source / transportation Rivers- Fuel / power source / transportation

5. Industrializing Agriculture Enclosure Movement – wealthy British landowners bought up village farmland and fenced it off, creating large plantations. Enclosure Movement – wealthy British landowners bought up village farmland and fenced it off, creating large plantations. New farming methods were used New farming methods were used Crop Rotation Crop Rotation

6. Crop Rotation

7. Industrializing Agriculture Village farmers lost land Village farmers lost land Could work as tenant farmers Could work as tenant farmers Many moved to cities looking for work Many moved to cities looking for work

9. Rise in income due to the Industrial Revolution

10. Industrializing Textiles Machines are built that can spin and weave thread much faster than human hands. Machines are built that can spin and weave thread much faster than human hands. Many of these machines are too big to fit in homes Many of these machines are too big to fit in homes Textile machines are moved to factories Textile machines are moved to factories

11. Industrializing Textiles Spinning Jenny: Spun thread at a rate 8 times faster than a spinning wheel Spinning Jenny: Spun thread at a rate 8 times faster than a spinning wheel Invented in 1764 by James Hargreaves Invented in 1764 by James Hargreaves

12. Industrializing Textiles Eli Whitney: Eli Whitney: American inventor American inventor Invents Cotton Gin (1793) Invents Cotton Gin (1793) Machine that separates seeds from picked cotton Machine that separates seeds from picked cotton Increases speed / production of cotton textiles Increases speed / production of cotton textiles

13. Eli Whitney

19. Industrializing Textiles Textile factories often used water frames to power their machines. Textile factories often used water frames to power their machines. Had to be built near rivers / streams Had to be built near rivers / streams

21. Industrializing Textiles With the introduction of new power methods, mills were able to move away from water. With the introduction of new power methods, mills were able to move away from water. The invention of railways and steam power helped goods to be shipped faster and therefore cost less. The invention of railways and steam power helped goods to be shipped faster and therefore cost less.

22. Industrializing Transportation Invention of Steam Engines improves transportation and manufacturing. Invention of Steam Engines improves transportation and manufacturing. Steam powered locomotives Steam powered locomotives Steam powered ships Steam powered ships Steam powered factories Steam powered factories

23. Industrializing Transportation James Watt: James Watt: Scottish inventor Scottish inventor Invented Steam Engine Invented Steam Engine

24. James Watt’s Steam Engine

25. Early Steamboat Early Steam Locomotive

26. Industrializing Transportation Robert Fulton: Robert Fulton: American Engineer American Engineer Invented first successful steamboat Invented first successful steamboat The boat was called the Clermont and used a James Watt steam engine. The boat was called the Clermont and used a James Watt steam engine.

27. Fulton’s Clermont in action on the Hudson River, N.Y.

28. Effects of Industrializing Transportation Factories moving away from water sources, and cities are being built Factories moving away from water sources, and cities are being built With the rise of factories and their systems of production, the cottage industries are destroyed With the rise of factories and their systems of production, the cottage industries are destroyed Cottage industry- small scale industry, with goods being manufactured by hand in people’s homes Cottage industry- small scale industry, with goods being manufactured by hand in people’s homes

29. Industrial Steel Henry Bessemer: Henry Bessemer: English engineer English engineer Invents Bessemer Process Invents Bessemer Process Turns Iron into Steel Turns Iron into Steel

31. Locations of steel mills in Pittsburg, PA

32. American “Rust Belt”

33. Advancements in Science Edward Jenner Edward Jenner Smallpox Vaccine Smallpox Vaccine Louis Pasteur Louis Pasteur Pasteurization Pasteurization Discovered bacteria Discovered bacteria “Germ Theory” “Germ Theory”

34. Louis Pasteur Disproved “spontaneous generation” theory Disproved “spontaneous generation” theory Created Rabies Vaccine Created Rabies Vaccine

35. Spread of Industrial Revolution Industrial Revolution and new manufacturing technology spread from England to Industrial Revolution and new manufacturing technology spread from England to United States United States France France Germany Germany And Eastern Europe by end of the 19 th century And Eastern Europe by end of the 19 th century

36. Spread of the Industrial Revolution From England, industrialism spreads through Europe and the United States. From England, industrialism spreads through Europe and the United States. Industrialized countries become wealthier than traditional countries. Industrialized countries become wealthier than traditional countries.

37. Francis Lowell’s “Lowell Mills,” Middlesex Massachusetts (USA)

38. Positive Effects of Industrialization 1. Growth of cities (urbanization) 2. More jobs available 3. Price of goods decreases 4. Growth of Middle Class 5. Improved transportation 6. Increased education Workers develop needed skills Workers develop needed skills

39. Negative Effects of Industrialization 1. Overcrowding in cities Leads to more sickness / disease Leads to more sickness / disease 2. Poor working conditions Unsafe factories, child labor, dissatisfaction causes push for reforms Unsafe factories, child labor, dissatisfaction causes push for reforms 3. Environmental pollution

40. The river in Chicago was so polluted from the factories, it caught on fire!!!