Responses to the rise of the west – AP World History
The Challenge
Industrial revolution Increased manufacturing = need for new markets Increased manufacturing = need for raw materials Increased manufacturing = challenge to existing manufacturing centers (Middle East, India, etc.)
New Western ideas Capitalism The Enlightenment Nationalism Free enterprise Free market Free trade The Enlightenment Popular Sovereignty Representative Government Personal Freedoms Nationalism
Imperialism
The event
Ottoman: Napoleon invades Egypt
Russia: Crimean war
China: Opium war
China: The Opium War Lin Zexu destroying opium. In the summer of 1839, Lin Zexu confiscated and destroyed 2.6 million pounds of opium. It took 500 laborers 22 days to destroy all of the opium.
China: Opium war
Japan: Arrival of Matthew Perry
Mexico: several issues
The response: Modernization
Aspects of Modernization Get rid of old institutions holding you back Modernize the military Improve infrastructure RAILROADS! May need foreign investment Industrialize Take advantage of natural resources! “Westernize” your government
Ottoman: Tanzimat Reforms Early reforms of Selim III (1789-1807) resisted by Janissaries Janissaries slaughtered by Mahmud II in 1826 Tanzimat Reforms Modernize military and bureaucracy University education focusing on math & science Western technology (telegraphs, railroads, etc.) Constitution of 1876 Industrialization slowed by climate, government monopolies, etc.
Egypt: Industrialization Reforms of Muhammad Ali Modernize the military Manufactured weapons Emphasize cotton production Financed by Britain bankers Built railroads Successors Suez Canal Led to British making Egypt a protectorate
Russia: Industrialization Emancipation of serfs Helped create urban labor force Modernize military Trans-Siberian railroad Count Witte (1892-1903) Promoted industry & banking Encouraged foreign investment Heavy Industry 4th in steel; 2nd in oil
China: Self-Strengthening movement Modernized the military Depended upon British and French investment Built railroads Mining and Textiles Government regulated Merchants given additional freedoms No major political or social reforms
Japan: Meiji Restoration Abolish feudal order Daimyo and samurai class abolished Constitutional government Constitution of 1889 Established constitutional monarchy with legislature Suffrage limited—only 5% could vote in 1890
Japan: Industrialization Japanese industrialization Modernize the military, infrastructure, communication, education, etc. Zaibatsu Combination of state initiative and private investment Consolidates economic power into the hands of a few powerful families Vertical monopolies Mitsubishi and Mitsui Many companies started by men of samurai origins
Japanese Economic Growth
Mexico: la Reforma Started by Benito Juarez (1858-1872) Tried to limit power of landowners and Catholic church New liberal constitution Attempts at land reform fail 50% of rural population landless by 1910 Larger gap between creoles and mestizos/natives
Mexico: Industrialization Porfirio Diaz (1876-1910) Built railroads Integrates regional economy Improved banking system Focused on oil & mining Depended on foreign investment U.S. investment 30 million pesos in 1885 1 billion pesos in 1910
Additional Reactions to Challenges & Responses
Ottoman & Egyptian Reactions Conservatives Janissaries Abdul Hamid Ulama and Qadis Nationalists Young Turks Religious Movements Madhist Revolt Millenarianism
Russian Reactions Conservatives Liberals Radicals Kulaks (land owners) Certain tsars Liberals Intelligentsia Radicals Anarchists Socialists & Communists Bolshevik Party
Chinese Reactions Conservatives Religious Movements Scholar-gentry Dowager Empress Cixi Religious Movements Taiping Rebellion (1850-1864) Caused by a myriad of problems Natural disasters, economic collapse, government corruption and the defeat in the Opium War, growing Anti-Manchu sentiment, etc. Led by Hong Xiuquan
Taiping Rebellion Hong Xiuquan’s army was able to seize 44 Chinese cities including the Southern capital of Nanjing ( above)
Chinese Reactions Nationalism Boxer Rebellion (1898-1901) Anti-Imperialist movement Backed by Qing government Put down by Western powers Nationalist Party Led by Sun Yatsen Modeled after Western ideas Liberal government Nation-state Social Reforms
Mexico Conservatives Radicals European intervention Catholic Church Maximilian von Hapsburg Catholic Church Threaten to excommunicate anyone who follows La Reforma Landowners Radicals Middle class called for electoral reform Poor (mostly natives) form general uprising