1. Civilizations in Crisis: Ottoman Empire, Islamic Heartlands, Qing China

2. Decline of the Ottomans
Weak rulers allowed for power struggles among the janissaries, ayans, and religious leaders
Decrease in artisans and economic power because of European imports
Outside threats: Europeans and Russians
Inside threats: nationalism (Balkans breaking up, Greek independence)

3. Attempted Ottoman Reform
Selim III- (r ) tried to reform army and administration but angered factions in bureaucracy and Janissary Corps toppled him in 1807
Mahmud II succeeded two decades later
Got European support in building an army to topple the Janissaries in 1826 and then subduing the ayan
Patterned reform on the west, which increased western European involvement
Tanzimat reforms
(universities, railway, newspapers, legal reform, constitution to protect minority religious groups)
No benefit for artisans and women from reforms

4. Revolt in the Ottoman Empire
Sultan Abdul Hamid ( ) returned to despotic absolutism after reforms threatened the position of the sultan
Got rid of constitution and restricted civil liberties
1908 bloodless coup overthrew the Sultan
Exiled intellectuals and political activists formed a society (Society for Reform and Progress, a.k.a.-Young Turks) and demanded return to 1876 constitution

5. Crisis in the Arab Islamic Heartlands
Islamic heartlands open to invasion by western Europe with Ottoman decline
Arabs also resented Turkish rule of their territory

6. Muhammad Ali
1798 Napoleon invaded Egypt (to hurt British control of India)
His threat is discounted by Mamluks and they win early battles
However, British defeat French and 1801 French withdraw
Muhammad Ali, in response to Mamluk defeat, built up European-style military but fell short of total westernization
Khedives- Ali’s successors who had intermarried with Turkish families sent from the Sultan and who didn’t have the territorial ambitions of Ali would rule until 1952 as puppets of the British

7. Foreigners in Egypt
Khedives slowly ruined the economy enriching the landowning classes at the expense of the poor and borrowing money from the French and British
1869 Suez Canal made Egypt extremely strategic because it linked Europe with its colonial holdings
Ineptitude of the khedives prompted discussion of how to to ward off invaders and then for the need for Muslim unity
Ahmad Orabi challenged foreign interests of the khedive but the British crushed his rebellion in 1882

8. Jihad
British drawn to the South (Sudan) where everyone wanted control of the Nile
Egyptian authority greatly resented there
Mahdi (Muhammed Achmad came to be the promised deliverer) rebelled to purge Islam and gained control of Sudan
1896 British General Kitchener defeated them at the battle of Omdurman

9. Rise of the Qing Dynasty
Manchu conquest of China (Nurhaci united the tribes and became Manchu leader)
Weakness of the Ming gave the Manchus the opportunity to seize China, where they took the dynastic name Qing

10. Rule under the Qing Retained much of the political system of the Ming
Examination system continued, patrons of the arts, social system maintained
Attempt at alleviating rural distress
Population increased
Favorable balance of trade until 18th century

11. Rise of Internal Problems
Exam system corrupt
Revenue loss decrease military
Deterioration of the dikes led to flooding

12. The British and Opium
Europeans creep in on trade but British have unfavorable balance of trade
Only desirable product to reverse this is opium
Opium imports increase from ,000 chests a year from
Opium war reversed the balance and forced China to open up trading ports
Hong Kong became the center of British commerce

13. Rebellion Begins
Taiping Rebellion 1850s-1860s- led by Hong Xiuquan offered alternative to Qing and Confucian civilizations by drastic reform
Attack on scholar-gentry led to bloody suppression of the rebellion- 20 million deaths!
Self-strengthening movement- movement to westernize (some people felt it was necessary)
Dowager Empress Cixi further crushed serious reform effort in 1898
Boxer Rebellion (crushed by foreign troops)

14. The Fall of the Qing Rise of secret societies
Revolutionaries hostile to European involvement
1899- U.S. forces China to establish Open Door policy to open up trade
1911 opposition and rebellion force out the last Manchu leader in 1912 and marked the end of Confucian values as basis for society and the era of the scholar-gentry