1. Ottoman, Meiji, Qing
Western Influences

2. Decline of the Ottoman Empire
Conservative  Do not want change
Even if they need to…
1700’s - armies had fallen behind in technology and size
Central government was weakened by nationalism developing in diverse Empire
Provinces become independent & rely on private armies
European powers captured Balkan Peninsula

4. Ottoman: Napoleon invades Egypt - 1789

5. Ottoman Empire
Muhammad Ali (Ottoman viceroy – basically an independent ruler) seized power in Egypt after Napoleon’s failed conquest
Built a powerful army
sponsored industrialization in cotton textiles and weapons
Modernized Egypt
now a vital strategic location
The Suez Canal

6. Ottoman Empire Decrease in trade and losing territory
Europe could now trade directly with China
Became reliant on foreign loans = DEBT

7. Ottoman Empire Mahmud II tried “western” reforms:
Army
Secondary education
Roads, telegraph, and postal service
Opposition to Reforms
religious conservatives and the Ottoman bureaucracy
Young Turks—exiled because they pushed for:
universal suffrage
equality before the law
emancipation of women (why is this one such a big deal?)

8. Russia: Crimean war

9. Japan: Arrival of Matthew Perry

10. Japan
1853—U.S. Commodore Matthew Perry arrived on a “Black Ship” and shocked the Japanese
Gives 1 year to open Japan to trade
Japanese realize their isolation prevents them from competing economically and militarily with the industrialized west
1854—Treaty of Kanagawa—West won trade rights

11. Japan—Meiji Restoration
Japanese organized and overthrew the shogun that ratified Treaty of Kanagawa
Emperor Meiji gains totalitarian power
Japanese westernization—emerged as a world power
Built railroads and steamships
Samurai warrior class abolished

12. Japan Economic Growth

13. Differences?
Shogun Tokugawa
Emperor Meiji

14. China—Qing/Manchu “Mandate of Heaven” over Ming
Strong and prosperous – 17th century
By late 18th century – Qing is in decline (corruption & foreigners)
Time for a new dynasty
Where does the next “Mandate of Heaven” come from?

15. TRADE
Canton System
Western powers could only trade with China in Canton
And only in small buildings called “Thirteen Factories”
Not allowed into the city of Guangzhou
Paid high taxes and prices set by the Qing government

16. China: 1st Opium war 1842
The British find Indian opium that the Chinese would trade their luxury goods for.
1820’s – high demand in China– payments are made in silver RATHER than luxury items

17. OPIUM WAR
In 1839 the Qing orders the destruction of 2.6 millions pounds of opium.
Outward and aggressive sign of resistance to western influence
Particularly the British

18. OPIUM WAR
1839 – British used the destruction of the opium to declare war on China
Exposed China’s lack of western military technology
British win easily

19. Results: Treaty of Nanking
Dismantled the Canton System
Hong Kong became a British colony
British gained extraterritorial rights – live under British rule instead of Chinese
Chinese accept low tariffs on imports
Series of unequal treaties leads to 2nd Opium War
Qing lost control of trade and opium trade further expanded
1900 – most ports controlled by foreign powers as spheres of influence – designated foreign nation

20. Taiping Rebellion Rebellion led by Hong Xiuquan
Failed Confucian Scholar
Exposed to Christianity and believes himself to be the young brother of Jesus
The Rebellion appeals to Chinese because:
Qing ineffective dealing with the west (opium war)
Goal = (drive foreign out of China) Manchus & the west
Rebellion works because the Qing are fighting the 2nd Opium War & already in decline
Take over most of Southern China while the Qing fights the west
Defeated eventually w/ help from the West (GB & Fr.)

21. Chart Practice