1. Unit 5: 1750-1900 The Long 19th Century

2. Major Characteristics
European dominance of long-distance trade
Inequalities of classes due to Industrialization
Inequalities of regions increase due to in imperialism
Independence movements, revolutions

3. Industrialization
Started in England b/c agricultural revolution, colonies, new technology, available resources like coal and iron, economic and political stability
Improvements in transportation- steam engine, railroads
Caused problems w/ urbanization, pollution, working conditions, creation of middle class, lessening of influence of nobles, larger gap between wealthy/poor

4. Imperialism
Western empire building by forceful economic and political domination
Reasons: nationalism, new weapons, need raw goods, need market for goods, Social Darwinism, white man’s burden, missionary, ethnic divisions in colonies

5. Imperialism
Exploration made possible by drugs preventing spread of disease, steam engine
Scramble for Africa: Berlin Conference
European countries ability to claim and control African countries; only countries not conquered Ethiopia and Liberia
Lines drawn by Europeans make difficult for some to have enough resources and create problems of ethnic strife

6. Imperialism Middle East: mostly economic imperialism India
British East India Company control
Sepoy Rebellion- Indian troops revolt b/c of meat cartridges, force British military to come in
Becomes British colony
Produce cotton, other products; provides good market b/c so many people
Indian National Congress: mostly Hindus; goal to promote political unity and appoint more Indians to positions in British gov’t
All-India Muslim League: nationalist group for Muslims

7. Open Door Policy (U.S. suggestion) European sphere of influence Japan
China
Opium Wars- British try to find something to trade with them so bring in opium; Chinese not industrialized, behind in military technology
Treaty of Nanjing 1842
Extraterritorial rights: exempt from Chinese laws at 5 ports
Br. Control Hong Kong
Open Door Policy (U.S. suggestion)
China’s ‘doors’ be open to merchants from all nations
European sphere of influence
Japan
Commodore Perry ‘requests’ trade w/ Japan
Japan industrializes, imperializes China; Korea becomes colony
Meiji Restoration: ‘enlightened rule’; reforms fashioned after West

8. American Imperialism
Monroe Doctrine – U.S. declared Americas (N/S) not open to imperialism; backed by British
Panama Canal U.S. built, controlled; so have easy access to both coasts
Spanish-American War- America mad at Spanish involvement in Cuba; we win; gain Spanish colonies
Economic imperialism in China, Pacific: military bases

9. Political Concepts of 19th Century:
Political Ideology
Conservatism: believe in monarchy, preserving traditions
Liberalism: Enlightenment principles, constitutions, individual rights
Radicalism: socialism, etc need radical change
Communism
Nationalism
Loyalty to the nation not a ruler
Self determination

10. Social Aspects of 19th Century
Cult of domesticity: women’s responsibility at home
Separate spheres:
men’s sphere: the outside world
women’s sphere: the home
Rise of the middle class

11. Revolutions
America Enlightenment, democracy, educated elite, Declaration of Independence (1776); Articles of Confederation (1781); Constitution (1789)
French, Three Estates; Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen; bloody/guillotine, radical, reject church, class hierarchies– led to Napoleon
Haiti, 1800s- French busy, influenced by Am and France, slave revolt, 1st place where ALL men completely equal

12. Revolutions
Mexico, church contributed, Creole elite uprising, civil war, create republic, eventually peasants able to overcome elite
China, upset by foreign influence, series of minor uprisings, nationalist movement, republic created; Last Chinese dynasty (Qing) ends
Russia, civil war, communist revolution led by Lenin, try to quickly industrialize, spurred by WWI, agriculture collectivization