1. Russia and Japan: Industrialization Outside the West

2. Russia Before Reform
Tsars maintaining tight grip on conservative ideals of Russia (against ideas of French Revolution)
1825 failed Decembrist uprising by western-oriented officers inspired tighter control by tsar
For some time avoided nationalist revolutions in the west but Poles began a series of rebellions based on nationalist pride
Expansionist tendencies (Eastern Europe and Ottoman Empire)
Peasants fell behind west in trade and technology. Serfdom still prevalent
Behind militarily- Crimean War ( )

3. Reform in Russia
1861 Emancipation of Serfs (about the same time that the U.S. and Brazil abolish it)
BUT serfs had to pay redemption payments for the land they were given, which put them in greater debt
1860s-1870s Alexander II- new law codes, zemstvos (local political councils), officer corps, trans-Siberian railroad
Literacy increased
Modern factories
Most of this done under the direction of Sergei Witte, the Finance minister, who argued for protective tariffs and foreign investment

4. Cons of Reform Absence of a large middle class in contrast to the west
Industrialization not up to western standards (population and resources)
High tariffs to protect industries will make them less competitive and innovative
Emancipation maintained the tsarist grip on power and led to unsatisfied peasants

5. Causes of Revolution
Minority nationalities began making demands on the tsar- Eastern Europe and Balkans
Famines
Intelligentsia (articulate intellectuals)
Anarchists
Radicals engaged in terrorist acts
Spread of Marxist doctrines and the rise of Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov (Lenin), who modified Marxist theory to fit Russian reality (revolution would skip the middle class phase)
Rise of the Bolsheviks

6. Revolution in 1905 (This is NOT the Communist Revolution!)
1904 defeat in Russo-Japanese War against everyone’s beliefs (Japan worried about Russian expansion into Korea)
1905 workers and peasants revolt
Result: creation of the Duma (Russian parliament) and Stolypin reforms where peasants gained greater freedom from redemption payments and village controls and kulaks (entrepreneurs) increased production by buying land and innovating

7. Russia and Eastern Europe
Calls at some point for a pan-Slavic movement
Eastern Europe abolishes serfdom but is slow to reform politically
Romantic tradition greatly increased cultural output
National dictionaries and literature
Tolstoy and Dostoevsky in Russia
Music of Tchaikovsky, Chopin, Liszt
Scientists- Mendel and Pavlov

8. Japan: Final Decades of the Shogun
First half of 19th century seemed stable on the surface but saw a slow breakdown of political system
Economic problems- taxes based on agriculture when the economy was becoming commercialized and payments to Samurai for their loyalty
Rise of secularism, which helped in Westernization because there was no strong religious objection to it
Dutch Studies groups and western influence
By 1850s economic growth slowed and rural protest increased

9. Japan Ends Isolation
1853 Matthew Perry in Edo Bay- U.S. gained 2 ports in 1856
1860s political crisis as Samurai increased their attacks on foreigners
1866 civil war broke out
1868 Mutsuhito comes to power and begins the Meiji Era

10. Meiji Era of Reform
1871 abolished feudalism and replaced daimyos with prefects following French model
Political power centralized
Sent Samurai abroad to learn
1873 abolished the Samurai class and their stipends prompting another revolt
1884 new conservative nobility
Examination system and bureaucracy
1889 new constitution granted limited powers to Diet (parliament based on German model)
Parliament advised government but did not control it

11. Japan Industrializes
New army with universal conscription and officer training and weapons
Banks, railroads, private enterprise
State direction of development of manufacturing (zaibatsu)
By early 20th century Japan industrial power due largely to successful imitation but still not equal to west (limited resources and equipment)

12. Social/Cultural Effects of Reform in Japan
Population growth
Universal education but insistence on Japanese values
Western fashion
Religious values preserved
Women remained inferior

13. Japan’s Imperialism
Sino-Japanese War gave Japan influence over Korea, Taiwan, and the Pescadores Islands
1904 Russo-Japanese War
1910 Korea annexed