1. Land Empires in the Age of Imperialism, 1800-1870

2. A decline in the Ottoman Empire
1500’s Ottoman Empire is the strongest in the world
Islamic Law (Shari’a) regulates daily life
Ottomans begin to lose grip on trade (Indian Ocean)
Inflation caused by cheap silver from the New World
Tax farming replaces land grants for military service
Janisaries challenge authority and rebel
1700’s Ottoman Empire begins to lose power to provincial governors

3. Ottoman Reform and the European Model, 1807-1853
Muhammad Ali assumes power in Egypt after Napoleon (1805)
Adopted French practices, European sciences
Strengthened the military
Fell to British pressures to limit his army and navy, and allow trade
Sultan Selim III (1807) reforms the Ottoman Empire
Strengthen the military & central government
Standardize taxation & land tenure
1805- Janissaries revolt in Serbia
Serbian peasants helped defeat Janissaries
Went on to make Serbia independent
Greece gained independence 1829
Sultan Mahmud II lost Greece to European powers
Britain, France, and Russia aided & regarded it as a triumph for European civilization

4. Tanzimat Reforms

5. Russia’s Empire Conflicts with the Ottomans
Peter the Great ( ) brings reform to Russia
Peter had great visions for a warm- water port on the Black Sea
Peter brings social/ political reform to Russia
Western clothing
Western education
Form a strong military unit
Increase the power of the tsar
Increase access to scientific education

6. Crimean War

7. Crimean War Aftermath
After Crimean War- Ottoman Empire continued to establish secular financial and commercial institutions on the European model.
Effects- Shifted population from rural to urban
Development of professional and wage laborer classes
Did not solve fiscal problems.
Continued trade deficit, inflation and foreign debt
Ottoman Empire favors European trade, laws, and peoples

8. Russian Empire 1700 only 3% lived in cities
Fear of political change hindered westernization
Russophobia in the West
Russian Empire stretched to Pacific and China
Britain took steps to halt Russia
Reforms of Alexander I promised more then delivered
Opposition to reform came from the wealthy

9. Decemberist Revolts
Decembrist Revolts

10. Qing Empire Qing conquered China in 1600’s Many people unhappy
Restored peace and stability
Promoted recovery of agricultural economy
Chinese population doubled between
Many people unhappy
Government viewed as weak & corrupt
Series of rebellions- White Lotus rebellion
Qing China looked to expand China’s economic influence to Europe (tea)

11. Opium Wars
Opium War

12. Treaty of Nanking
Treaty of Nanking and subsequent treaties gave Westerners special privileges
Result- colonization of small pockets of Qing territory
Gave most-favored-nation status to Britain
Prevented the colonization of China

13. Taiping Rebellion

14. End of the Qing Empire
Governors like Zeng Guofon looked to the U.S. as a model
Wanted to restore agriculture
Reform military
Industrialize armaments manufacture
Reforms supported by Qing aristocrats but unable to prevent disintegration
Split into large power zones-provincial governors exercised authority

15. Tonghzi Rebellion
Tongzhi Restoration