1. The Eastern Powers

2. The Eastern Powers How can we compare, contrast the eastern powers?
What were their different responses to the West, modernity?
Who made out, and who didn’t?

3. The Ottoman Empire The Eighteenth-century Problems Decentralization
Janissary discipline declined
Dependent on European economy
Territories lost

4. The Ottoman Empire The Greek Revolt (1821-29)
Fueled by nationalism, ideas of French Rev.
Ottomans, Egypt vs. Greeks, Great Powers
Battle of Navarino (October 20, 1827)
Greek victory  Kingdom of Greece (1830)
Battle of Navarino

5. The Ottoman Empire
Gate of Patriarch Gregory V, the Phanar, Istanbul

6. The Ottoman Empire Reforms of Mahmud II (r. 1808-1839)
Broke power of local rulers
New, European-styled army  elimination of Janissaries (1826)
Updated bureaucracy
Embassies in Europe

7. The Ottoman Empire The Tanzimat (1839-1876)
“Reorganization” along European, secular lines
New trends and reforms
OTTOMANISM
New schools, outside control of ulama
New civil, penal codes
Constitution (1876)

8. The Ottoman Empire Reaction of Abdul Hamid II (r. 1876-1909)
“Pan-Islam,” rather than Ottomanism
Suspended constitution
Censoring, spies
Brutal suppression of revolts

9. The Ottoman Empire
Questions?

10. Russia The Decembrist Revolt (Dec. 14, 1825)
Alexander I  Nicholas I (r )
Secret societies wanted reform, constitution
Reform-minded troops revolted  failure

11. Russia Nicholas’s Program Orthodoxy, autocracy, nationality Censorship
Political police
“Gendarme of Europe”
Nicholas I

12. Russia
Crimean War ( )
Began over Orthodox rights, Russian claims in Ottoman Empire
Russia invaded Ottomans’ Danubian principalities  British, French declaration of war
Russian defeat!

13. Russia Reforms of Alexander II (r. 1855-1881)
EMANCIPATION MANIFESTO (1861)
Zemstvos
Judicial (1864)
Military (1874)
Alexander II

14. Russia Assassination of Alexander II (March 13, 1881)
Previous attempts
The People’s Will
Bomb explosion  mortally wounded

15. Russia
Questions?

16. Japan The Tokugawa Shogunate (1603-1868)
Goal: maintain political stability
Presided over period of growth
Economic, agricultural prosperity
Urbanization
High literacy rates

17. Japan The West Confronts Japan Policy of isolation maintained
Commodore Perry demanded opening of ports (1853)
Japan agreed
The arrival of Commodore Perry

18. Japan Meiji Restoration (1868) Support for shogunate eroded
Civil war ( )  end of shogunate
Power now “restored” to Emperor Meiji (r )
New capital: Tokyo
Emperor Meiji

19. Japan Modernization – Japanese Style!
Feudalism abolished  centralized state
National army, navy
Universal primary school system
Shinto
Industrialization

20. Japan

21. Japan Japan and the World
Victor in wars with China ( ), Russia ( )
First Asian state to defeat European power!
West accepted it as equal player

22. Japan
Questions?

23. China The Qing and the British
British confined to Guangzhou, lost considerably in trade exchanges
Requests for additional ports, presence in Beijing rejected (1793, 1816)
Solution to trade problem: opium  widespread addiction
China’s trade surplus disappeared

24. China
Opium den

25. China The Opium Wars (1839-42, 1858-60)
China suffered British, French attacks
Consequences
Hong Kong  British
More ports open
Extraterritoriality for Westerners
Nemesis destroying a junk

26. China The Qing No capable rulers Empress Dowager CIXI (1835-1908)
Regent for son, nephew
Notorious for luxury, self-indulgence
Blocked reform
Cixi

27. China

28. China The Boxer Rebellion (1899-1901)
Captured and killed foreigners, missionaries
Laid siege to embassies in Beijing
Western powers, Japan captured Beijing

29. China

30. China The Revolution of 1911
Many called for overthrow of Qing, formation of republic
Revolt (October 1911)  abdication of Xuantong (r )
Republic of China declared 1912

31. China

32. China
Questions?

33. The Eastern Powers How can we compare, contrast the eastern powers?
What were their different responses to the West, modernity?
Who made out, and who didn’t?