1. Reform or Tradition

2. World Wide Reform Traditional Empires forced to change
Keep up with IR
Ottomans, Russia, China, Japan
Dealt with similar issues, handled differently
All had resistance

3. Ottoman Empire 1700s out of touch with Europe
Weakened tried to lure Euros in (capitulations)
Central gov’t minimal
Mahmud II led reform
Copied French laws public trials, strong army
Improved infrastructure
Opposition to reform Young Turks staged coup, est. puppet sultan
Never Reformed

4. Russia Russian gov’t like Ottoman out of date
Nobles owned most land
Focused on expansion Manchuria to Med. Sea
Weak military exposed in Crimean War
Gov’t forced to change
Alexander II tried to reform, assassinated
Emancipated serfs, set district courts, male suffrage

5. Russia Nicholas II tried to expand Revolution of 1905
Russo-Japanese War defeated, disgraced
Revolution of 1905
Workers marched on Winter Palace Bloody Sunday

6. Chinese Reform 19th Century Qing struggled to rule
Rapid population growth
Created famines, tension with gov’t, wars
Opium imported British used to bargain
British traded for silver used silver for Chinese goods
Double profit
Opium War (1839) easy British victory
Chinese sign unequal treaty commercial access

7. Chinese Reform Tiaping Rebellion (1850s)
Hong Xiquan claimed to be Jesus’ brother
Claimed territory in central China (Heavenly Kingdom)
Self-Strengthening Movement (1860s-70s)
Modernize infrastructure, resistance from gov’t
Hundred Days of Reform Confucian Ideals
Justified changes, ultimately failed
Boxer Rebellion1900
No foreign influence, Empress Cixi supported
Defeated by Western Coalition
Qing abdicate 1911
Communist soon take over

8. Japanese Isolation and Reform
Most radical reform most successful
Remained isolated for 200 years
Grew from farming to commercial society
US visit interest in trade agreement
Us forced out, but sparked interest

9. Japanese Meiji Restoration
Satsuma, Choshu clans pro-isolation
Wanted to restore Emperor, unseat Shogun
Young generation wanted modernization
Fought with guns Civil War in 1866
Easy victory Emperor restored
Meiji Enlightened One
16-year-old
Unique used old model to reform nation