1. Industrialization in Russia & Japan

2. I. Russia Before Reform
Russia was concerned with Western influence on society
Conservatives supported isolation
Holy Alliance
Tsar Alexander I sponsored alliance of Russia, Prussia, and Austria
Wanted to retain established order after French Revolution and Napoleon
Conservativism produced tensions with intellectuals interested in Western progress
Wanted more political freedom, education/scientific advancement
Decemberist uprising of 1825
Army officers favored liberal reforms
Led Tsar Nicolas I to increase repressive tactics
Tight control of politics and reform allowed Russia to avoid wave of revolution that swept Europe in mid-19th century

3. II. Reform & Early Industrialization
Russia lagged behind industrialization of Western Europe
Increased production through tighter control of serfs, rather than introducing western technologies/methods
Loss of Crimean War to the West acted as a wake-up call
Attempted to implement reforms, but retain distinctive Russian traditions
Emancipation of serfs occurred in 1861
Gave no political rights at national level
Required to pay for land they were tied to
Created larger urban labor force
Other reforms
Creation of local political councils – zemstvoes

4. II. Continued… Other reforms (continued…)
Military improved through organizational changes
State-sponsored industrialization efforts increased
Trans-Siberian railroad connected European Russia with Pacific ocean
Connected Russia with Asia

5. III. Protest in Russia
Reforms encouraged minority groups to demand more
Nationalism began to sweep parts of imperial Russia
Uprisings inspired by famines, high taxes
Rise of intelligentsia – radical intellectuals
Argued for greater freedoms in education, press
Tsar Alexander II tightened control of news and politics in response
Assassinated in 1881, successors continued oppressive policies
Russian Revolution of 1905
Partly due to defeat by Japan in Russo-Japanese War
Mostly due to urban workers and peasant oppression
Resulted in Stolypin reforms
Gave peasant farmers more freedom over land
Urban workers continued to protest and strike
Would become basis for communist revolution led by Lenin

6. 5-minute Response
How was the experience in Russia during the age of industrialization similar to that of Qing China?

7. IV. Japan – Decline of the Shoguns
19th century – Shogunate falling apart
Difficulty combining central bureaucracy with regional alliances
Only taxed agricultural products, limited income
Have to hire samurai, becomes expensive, unsustainable
Japan becomes more secular – prevents religion-based revolution
Japan starts pushing nationalism
Terakoya schools – Confucianism, reading, writing
Common pattern of conservative traditionalists vs. reform-oriented intellectuals
Japanese traditions/Shinto vs. Dutch Studies – can learn from the West

8. V. End of Isolationism American threat opened Japanese markets
Needed more foreign markets for growing U.S. economy
Pressure from West’s military superiority
Dutch schools begin to expand, more people supported end of isolation
Conservatives mount resistance
Samurai began attacking foreigners
Civil War broke out in 1866
Shoganate brought down under reign of emperor Mutsuhito, “Meiji” or “Enlightened One”
Pushed for greater reforms

9. VI. Change Under Meiji Abolished feudalism and samurai
Expanded tax beyond agriculture
Created parliament (called Diet)
Emperor and advisors pulled the strings
State sponsored industrialization
New banks provided capital (money)
Railroads, steamships connect parts of Japan
Government control helped keep industrialization going
Later, private enterprise expanded Japan’s economy, industry
Creation of zaibatsu – huge industrial combines, like corporations
Resource poor – depended on imports from West
Laborers, especially women, treated poorly

10. VII. Effects of Industrialization
Increased class tensions
Embraced some Western influence
Clothing, haircuts, medicine
Ignored some of the West
Don’t convert to Christianity in large numbers – encourage Shintoism
Etiquette/social rituals remained important
Divorce rates increase, but women kept inferior
Militarization – new imperialism
Won fights with China, Russia; take over Korea
Political tensions increased – continue fight over traditional vs. Western ideologies
Wanted to prove to world they were equal to Western powers

11. 5-minute Response
Compare Russia and Japan during the age of industrialization. How were they alike, how were they different in terms of development?