Lecturer Psychiatry- Mansoura University By Ibtihal M.A. Ibrahim Lecturer Psychiatry- Mansoura University

“The reasons underlying behavior” Definition The process that initiates, guides and maintains goal directed behaviors “The reasons underlying behavior”

Types of Motivation Intrinsic Motivation Extrinsic Motivation (Innate motives) Motivation serving internal needs Motivation for dealing with environment Extrinsic Motivation Rewards e.g. money, grades and threat of punishment Competition

Intrinsic Motives Motivation serving internal needs Organic: hunger, thirst. Psychological: maternal, paternal motives. Motivation serving internal needs To deal with objects: exploration, manipulation. To deal with emergency situations: escape motives Motivation for dealing with environment

Components of Motivation 1)Activation involves the decision to initiate a behavior 2)Persistence is the continued effort toward a goal 3) intensity: concentration and effort that goes into pursuing a goal

Theories of motivation

Food seeking propensity Instinct theory All creatures are born with specific innate knowledge about how to survive. They are genetically coded Food seeking propensity Anger propensity Sex propensity Fear propensity Parental propensity Majority propensity Curiosity propensity Comfort propensity

Drive reduction theory The tendency of the individual to take certain actions in order to reduce the internal tension that is caused by unmet needs (drives). This theory is useful in explaining behaviors that have a strong biological component e.g. hunger or thirst.

Arousal theory We are driven to maintain a certain optimal level of arousal in order to feel comfortable. Arousal refers to a state of emotional, intellectual and physical activity. Too high A person would probably look for ways to relax Too low A person may watch an exciting movie or climb mountains

Psychoanalytic theory Two basic drives Life Death

Humanistic theory Abraham Maslow (1954) proposed that human beings are motivated to fulfill a hierarchy of needs, from those that are basic for survival up to those that promote growth and self enhancement

Incentive theory In contrast to the notion that people are “pushed” into action by internal needs, many motivation psychologists believe that people are often “pulled” by external goals, or incentives. According to incentive theories of motivation, any stimulus object that people have learned to associate with positive or negative outcomes can serve as an incentive—grades, money, respect, ice cream, a pat on the back, or relief from pain. People are motivated to behave in certain ways when they expect that they can gain the incentive through their efforts and when they value that incentive

Cognitive theories (3Q) Q1: can I do this task? How well one can execute courses of action. It predicts achievement Self efficacy Individual’s beliefs regarding causes of successful or failing performance Types: ability, effort, task and luck. Attributions Locus of control. Self worth

Q2: Do I want to do this task and why? Cognitive theories Q2: Do I want to do this task and why? Attainment Intrinsic enjoyment. Utility value Cost value Expectancy-value It is the person’s ability to identify or find personally important reasons to do such activity Self-determination theory

Q3: what do I have to do to succeed in this task? Cognitive theories Q3: what do I have to do to succeed in this task? Leads to forming behavioral intentions Motivation It leads from intention to actual behavior Volition

Provocation of motives Defining a clear goal Delineating intermediate goals Mutual confidence between leader and executer Adequate facilities