1. Motivation, Emotion and Stress
AP Psychology
Motivation, Emotion and Stress
Essential Task: Identify and apply basic motivational concepts to understand behavior with specific attention to instincts for animals, biological factors like needs, drives, and homeostasis, and operant conditioning factors like incentives, and intrinsic versus extrinsic motivators.
Logo Green is R=8 G=138 B= Blue is R= 0 G=110 B=184
Border Grey is R=74 G=69 B=64

2. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Drive Reduction Theory
Motivation & Emotion
Stress
Sources
Measures
Theories
Effects
Coping
Motivation
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Drive Reduction Theory
Arousal Theory
Intrinsic/
Extrinsic Motivation
Human Drives
Theories of Emotion
James-Lange
Cognitive Appraisal
Schachter two-factor
Cannon-Bard
Opponent Process
Explain complex motives (eating, aggression, achievement and sex)

3. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Drive Reduction Theory
Motivation & Emotion
Stress
Sources
Measures
Theories
Effects
Coping
Motivation
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Drive Reduction Theory
Arousal Theory
Intrinsic/
Extrinsic Motivation
Human Drives
Theories of Emotion
James-Lange
Cognitive Appraisal
Schachter two-factor
Cannon-Bard
Opponent Process
Explain complex motives (eating, aggression, achievement and sex)

4. Essential Task: Basic motivational concepts to understand behavior
Outline
Basic motivational concepts to understand behavior
Instincts for animals
Simple and Complex Drives for humans 
Needs
Drives (Primary vs. Secondary)
Homeostasis
Operant conditioning factors
Incentives
Intrinsic motivators
Extrinsic motivators

5. Motives vs. Emotions Motive Emotion
Specific need or desire, such as hunger, thirst, or achievement, that prompts goal-directed behavior
a need or desire that energizes behavior and directs it towards a goal.
Emotion
Feeling, such as fear, joy, or surprise, that underlies behavior

6. Instincts
Instincts are complex behaviors that have fixed patterns throughout the species and are not learned (Tinbergen, 1951).
Outline

7. Continued Most important human behaviors are learned
Human behavior is rarely inflexible and found throughout the species
Humans have reflexes but not instincts.
However, we may be predisposed to act certain ways (Evolutionary Psychology)

8. Needs vs. Drives A need creates a state of arousal called a drive.
A need is a requirement that has to be fulfilled.
You need to breathe, drink water and eat food.
You need security
You need love
You need (want) money (lots of it)
A need creates a state of arousal called a drive.
Drive keeps us motivated and working to fulfill the need.
If we are driven by our need for achievement (money, fame, property), we keep working to fulfill this need.
Needs cab be biological, emotional and social.

9. Biological Drives (Primary Drives)
Unlearned drive based on a physiological state found in all animals
Motivate behavior necessary for survival
Hypothalamus
Hunger
Thirst
Sex
Evolutionary psychology talks about the four Fs (fighting, fleeing, feeding and reproducing).

10. Homeostasis (explains why we stop fulfilling biological drives)
The ability or tendency of an organism to maintain internal equilibrium or balance.
A state of psychological equilibrium obtained when tension or a drive has been reduced or eliminated.

11. Secondary Drives (not biologically dictated)
Learned drives
Wealth
Success
Fame

12. Operant Conditioning
You do things to get rewards and to avoid punishments
Go to work
Come home
at curfew

13. Operant Conditioning Factors
Incentives – environmental cues that trigger a motive or a desire for a reward.
When a stimulus creates goal-directed behavior – you do it to get a reward
Seeing a cue stimulates a motive. This is why ads use sex. It gets attention and stimulates a desire.

14. Two General Types of Rewards
INtrinsic – from the action itself or from within
EXtrinsic – for something else

15. Intrinsic Motivators
Refers to motivation that comes from inside an individual rather than from any external or outside rewards, such as money or grades.
It is stronger than external motivation

16. Extrinsic Motivators
Refers to motivation that comes from external or outside rewards, such as money or grades.