Motivation

Agenda 1. Finish Intelligence 2. Notes: Introduction to Motivation (25) Assessment of Needs (10) 4. Why college discussion? Maslow’s Hierarchy (15) 5. Crash Course Motivation (11) 6. Aron Ralston Story of Motivation, How does he fit in Maslow’s Hierarchy? (13)

Objective(s)Objective(s) What is motivation? What drives our motivation? What are the different perspectives psychs use to view motivation? What is motivation? What drives our motivation? What are the different perspectives psychs use to view motivation?

MotivationMotivation A psychological process that directs and maintains behavior towards a goal. Fueled by motives A psychological process that directs and maintains behavior towards a goal. Fueled by motives

MotivesMotives Needs or desires that energize behavior.

Types of Motivation PRIMARY/Biological – Hunger, thirst, sex, pain, optimal arousal, aggression SECONDARY/Social – Achievement, affiliation, autonomy, curiosity, play

Instinct Complex, inherited behavior patterns characteristic of a species. To be a true instinct it must be performed automatically by all members of the species – Debatable whether many human traits are instincts

Instinct Theorists Charles Darwin: best traits are passed on. William James: motivation is driven by instinct. William McDougall: aggression, curiosity and sociability are result from instinct Sigmund Freud: sex and aggression are motivators Konrad Lorenz: studied geese and wanted to see how instincts worked.

Imprinting – an attachment to the first moving thing seen or heard after birth. Imprinting – an attachment to the first moving thing seen or heard after birth.

Why would imprinting be a vital instinct in animals? Survival Someone to learn from, get help from, get taken care of

SociobiologySociobiology Relates social behaviors to evolutionary biology. Ex. Mating rituals Relates social behaviors to evolutionary biology. Ex. Mating rituals

With your partner disucss: What would an evolutionary psychologist say is the reason why humans mate? – Why do males mate with multiple partners? – Why do females mate for life with the male with the best resources?

Drive Reduction Theory Goal – return to state of homeostasis

Drive-Reduction Theory: Need v. Drive Needs are motivated states caused by a physiological deficit – Ex. Lack of food and water Drives are a state of physiological tension induced by a need which motivates us to eat or drink etc.

Drive-Reduction Theory The body must return to a balanced state – Homeostasis: body’s tendency to maintain an internal steady state of metabolism – Metabolism: is the sum total of all chemical processes that occur in our bodies and are necessary to keep us alive. What part of the brain deals with hunger and thirst?

Drive-Reduction Theory?

With your partner How would you apply drive reduction theory to the previous picture? What is the need, drive, drive reducing behavior? Need = Living Drive = Survival Drive reducing behavior: Staying strong, being alert/focused, being physically fit, well fed, hydrated

Incentive Theory People is a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior pulling us toward a goal.

With your partner discuss: What is your incentive to do well in this class? Remember extrinsic and intrinsic motivation?

We don’t like to be bored When all your needs are met you are likely to look for something else to occupy your time. This is called Optimal Arousal.

Optimal Arousal Arousal is the level of alertness, wakefulness, an activation caused by activity in the Central nervous system (CNS).

Yerkes-Dodson Law states that we usually perform most activities best when moderately aroused and we are less efficient when arousal is to high or low. Example: When you first learn to drive a car you may be more tense and alert, but after years of driving you may need more arousal simply to pay attention.

What’s the level of arousal here?

What is the arousal level here?

Cognitive Theory People are motivated as a result of their own thoughts, desires, goals, and expectations. – Intrinsic vs. extrinsic People are motivated as a result of their own thoughts, desires, goals, and expectations. – Intrinsic vs. extrinsic

Bio-Psycho-Social Approaches to Motivation Psycho/Social: Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Psycho/Social: Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

Maslow’sHierarchy of Needs Transcendence

You cannot move up a level unless the needs of that level are met. Discuss: – How can using the hierarchy of needs be used to explain a child who is doing poorly at school?

Exit Ticket What needs do you think are most important? After reading the article, what needs were missing Ellyn Mantell’s life?