Unit 8: Motivation, Emotion and Stress WHS AP Psychology Unit 8: Motivation, Emotion and Stress Essential Task 8-3: Essential Task:  Identify and apply basic motivational concepts to understand behavior with specific attention to instincts for animals, biological factors like needs, drives, and homeostasis, and operant conditioning factors like incentives, and intrinsic versus extrinsic motivators. Logo Green is R=8 G=138 B=76 Blue is R= 0 G=110 B=184 Border Grey is R=74 G=69 B=64

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Drive Reduction Theory Motivation & Emotion Stress Sources Measures Theories Effects Coping Motivation Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Drive Reduction Theory Arousal Theory Intrinsic/ Extrinsic Motivation Human Drives Theories of Emotion James-Lange Cognitive Appraisal Schachter two-factor Cannon-Bard Opponent Process We are here Explain complex motives (eating, aggression, achievement and sex)

Essential Task 8-3: Basic motivational concepts to understand behavior Outline Basic motivational concepts to understand behavior Instincts for animals Biological factors like  Drives (Primary vs. Secondary) Homeostasis Operant conditioning factors Incentives intrinsic motivators Extrinsic motivators

Motives vs. Emotions Motive Emotion Specific need or desire, such as hunger, thirst, or achievement, that prompts goal-directed behavior a need or desire that energizes behavior and directs it towards a goal. Emotion Feeling, such as fear, joy, or surprise, that underlies behavior

Instincts for animals NOT humans. Instincts are complex behaviors that have fixed patterns throughout the species and are not learned (Tinbergen, 1951). Outline

Humans don’t have instincts Fell out of favor in psychology A Meta-analysis during the height of this craze found 5759 ‘instincts’ Most important human behavior is learned Human behavior is rarely inflexible and found throughout the species Humans have reflexes but not instincts.

Biological Drives (Primary Drives) Unlearned drive based on a physiological state found in all animals Motivate behavior necessary for survival Hypothalamus Hunger Thirst Sex Evolutionary biology talks about the four Fs (fighting, fleeing, feeding and reproducing).

Homeostasis – explains why we stop fulfilling biological drives. The ability or tendency of an organism to maintain internal equilibrium or balance. A state of psychological equilibrium obtained when tension or a drive has been reduced or eliminated.

Secondary Drives – not biologically dictated Learned drives Wealth Success Fame

Operant Conditioning Factors Incentives – environmental cues that trigger a motive. When a stimulus creates goal-directed behavior

Intrinsic Motivators Refers to motivation that comes from inside an individual rather than from any external or outside rewards, such as money or grades. It is stronger than external motivation

Extrinsic Motivators Refers to motivation that comes from external or outside rewards, such as money or grades.