1. Motivation and Emotion
AP Psychology
NCVPS

2. Motivation
AP Psychology
NCVPS

3. Motivation
An internal process that makes a person behave the way they do.
Cannot be directly observed.
Can be inferred by noting behavior.
Motivation
An internal process that makes a person behave the way they do.
Cannot be directly observed.
Can be inferred by noting behavior.

4. Drive Reduction Theory
Drive reduction theory is one of several main theories of motivation
Suggests that people act in specific ways to reduce needs.
Influenced by a desire to maintain a constant physiological state called homeostasis.

5. Drive Reduction Theory
Critics of drive reduction theory make several points:
People are not always motivated by internal needs
People continue to be motivated even when internal needs are met.
People can be motivated by external incentives as well as internal needs.
Other theories evolved to answer these questions.
Critics of drive reduction theory make several points:
People are not always motivated by internal needs
People continue to be motivated even when internal needs are met.
People can be motivated by external incentives as well as internal needs.
Other theories evolved to answer these questions.

6. Arousal Theory
Arousal theory holds that humans desire an optimum level of excitement or arousal.
They seek activities that will help them achieve this optimum level.
Arousal Theory
Arousal theory holds that humans desire for an optimum level of excitement or arousal.
They seek activities that will help them achieve this optimum level

7. Incentive Theory
Incentive theory focuses on the external desires of humans.
Through learning, people associate some stimuli with rewards and others with punishment
People are drawn to the rewards.
Incentive Theory
Incentive theory focuses on the external desires of humans.
Through learning, people associate some stimuli with rewards and others with punishment
People are drawn to the rewards.

8. Abraham Maslow Abraham Maslow 1908-1970 Abraham Maslow 1908-1970
American psychologist
Proposed another influential theory of motivation
stated that human motivation is based on people seeking fulfillment and change through personal growth.
Abraham Maslow
American psychologist
Proposed another influential theory of motivation
stated that human motivation is based on people seeking fulfillment and change through personal growth.

9. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Maslow suggested that there is a hierarchy of needs that motivate human behavior.
Believed people only pay attention to higher needs when lower needs have been satisfied.
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Maslow suggested that there is a hierarchy of needs that motivate human behavior.
Believed people only pay attention to higher needs when lower needs have been satisfied.

10. Hunger Motivation
Hunger is influenced by several elements, including biological, social, and psychological factors.
Hunger is influenced by several elements, including biological, social, and psychological factors.

11. Biological Basis of Hunger
Two areas of the hypothalamus are known to be important in hunger.
The lateral part (hunger center) responds primarily to cues to start eating
The ventromedial part (satiety center) primarily responds to cues to stop eating.
Two areas of the hypothalamus are known to be important in hunger.
The lateral part (hunger center) responds primarily to cues to start eating
The ventromedial part (satiety center) primarily responds to cues to stop eating.

12. Biological Basis of Hunger
Set point theory – the hypothalamus attempts to maintain an optimum body weight.
As weight changes, the hypothalamus changes our metabolic rate , attempting to maintain the optimum weight.
Set point theory – the hypothalamus attempts to maintain an optimum body weight.
As weight changes, the hypothalamus changes our metabolic rate , attempting to maintain the optimum weight.

13. Biological Basis of Hunger
Nerve impulses from the digestive system, especially the stomach and intestines, signal the brain that the person is full.
Glucose in the blood influences hunger: high levels decrease hunger, low levels increase hunger.
Nerve impulses from the digestive system, especially the stomach and intestines, signal the brain that the person is full.
Glucose in the blood influences hunger: high levels decrease hunger, low levels increase hunger.

14. Biological Basis of Hunger
Hormones also influence eating.
Insulin controls access to glucose
Leptin decreases hunger
Ghrelin increases hunger.
Hormones also influence eating.
Insulin controls access to glucose
Leptin decreases hunger
Ghrelin increases hunger.

15. Psychological Basis of Hunger
Hunger can also be influenced by external cues, like attractiveness and availability of food.
Hunger can also be influenced by external cues, like attractiveness and availability of food.

16. Socio-Cultural Basis of Hunger
Culture and background can affect our food choices, in both types and quantity of food consumed.
Culture and background can affect our food choices, in both types and quantity of food consumed.

17. Application of Research on Hunger Motivation
Research on three eating disorders draws from findings about causes of hunger:
Anorexia nervosa
Bulimia
Obesity
Application of Research on Hunger Motivation
Research in three eating disorders draws from findings about causes of hunger:
Anorexia nervosa
Bulimia
Obesity

18. Application of Research on Hunger Motivation
Researchers believe a combination of factors are the likely cause, including:
Cultural emphasis on body weight
Family history of eating disorders
Genetic tendencies
Researchers believe a combination of factors are the likely cause, including:
Cultural emphasis on body weight
Family history of eating disorders
Genetic tendencies

19. Sexual Motivation
An necessary function of any species is sexual reproduction.
In humans, sex is motivated by both biological and psychological factors.
Researchers believe a combination of factors are the likely cause, including:
Cultural emphasis on body weight
Family history of eating disorders
Genetic tendencies

20. Sexual Motivation
One biological influence on sexual motivation is hormonal
Sex drive is regulated by the sex hormones estrogen in women and testosterone in both women and men.
Sexual Motivation
One biological influence on sexual motivation is hormonal
Sex drive is regulated by the sex hormones estrogen in women and testosterone in both women and men.

21. Sexual Motivation
The human sex drive is not only motivated by hormones, but also by a myriad of psychological motives including:
Learning
Arousal
Cognition
Pleasure
Culture
Sexual Motivation
The human sex drive is not only motivated by hormones, but also by a myriad of psychological motives including:
Learning
Arousal
Cognition
Pleasure
Culture

22. Sexual Orientation
Research about homosexuality has increased in recent years.
Researchers do believe that environmental factors do influence orientation, but have not yet identified these factors.
Biological factors have been identified including brain differences, genetic influences, and hormonal causes.
Sexual Orientation
Research about homosexuality has increased in recent years.
Researchers do believe that environmental factors do influence orientation, but have not yet identified these factors.
Biological factors have been identified including brain differences, genetic influences, and hormonal causes.

23. Social Motivation
People are also motivated in certain areas by the society in which they live, expectations of that society, and anticipations of the people among who they live.
Social Motivation
People are also motivated in certain areas by the society in which they live, expectations of that society, and anticipations of the people among who they live.

24. Social Motivation
One theory of social motivation is achievement motivation.
Humans have a desire to accomplish complex tasks, to attain knowledge, and to reach goals.
Humans, once objectives are obtained, new higher goals will be pursued.

25. Social Motivation Another theory is Intrinsic/Extrinsic Motivation
Motivation can be intrinsic, extrinsic, or both.
Intrinsic motivation is the motivation to act for the sake of the activity itself.
Motivation can be intrinsic, extrinsic, or both.
Intrinsic motivation is the motivation to act for the sake of the activity itself.

26. Social Motivation
Extrinsic motivation is the motivation to act for external rewards. .
Extrinsic motivation is the motivation to act for external rewards.

27. Emotion
AP Psychology
NCVPS

28. Emotion
Closely related to the topic of motivation is the field of emotion.
Several theories have evolved that try to explain our emotional experiences.
Emotion
Closely related to the topic of motivation is the field of emotion.
Several theories have evolved that try to explain our emotional experiences.

29. Emotion James-Lange Theory of Emotion James-Lange Theory of Emotion
Emotion is felt because of biological changes caused by stress.
A person will experience the stimulus, then recognize the stimulus, and finally the emotion occurs based on that recognition.
For example: I see a snake. My muscles tense up and my heart races. I feel afraid.
Emotion
James-Lange Theory of Emotion
Emotion is felt because of biological changes caused by stress.
A person will experience the stimulus, then recognize the stimulus, and finally the emotion occurs based on that recognition.
For example: I see a snake. My muscles tense up and my heart races. I feel afraid.

30. Emotion Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion
A person experiences the emotion and the physiological reactions at the same time.
For example: I see the snake. My muscles tense up and my heart races at the same time that I experience fear.
Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion
A person experiences the emotion and the physiological reactions at the same time.
For example: I see the snake. My muscles tense up and my heart races at the same time that I experience fear.

31. Emotion Two-Factor Theory of Emotion
Cognitive and physiological reactions combine to cause any particular emotional response.
Two-Factor Theory of Emotion
Cognitive and physiological reactions combine to cause any particular emotional response.

32. Works Cited
Baucum, Don. Psychology. Hauppauge, NY: Barron's, Print.
Baucum, Don. Psychology. Hauppauge, NY: Barron's Educational Series, Print.
"Motivation." SparkNotes. SparkNotes, n.d. Web. 23 June < tml>.
Myers, David G. Myers' Psychology for AP. New York, NY: Worth, Print.
Stangor, Charles. "Introduction to Psychology, v. 1.0." Flat World Knowledge. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 June <
Weseley, Allyson, and Robert McEntarffer. AP® Psychology. Hauppauge, NY: Barron's Educational Series, Print.