The Eastern Powers.

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Presentation transcript:

The Eastern Powers

The Eastern Powers How can we compare, contrast the eastern powers? What were their different responses to the West, modernity? Who made out, and who didn’t?

The Ottoman Empire The Eighteenth-century Problems Decentralization Janissary discipline declined Dependent on European economy Territories lost

The Ottoman Empire The Greek Revolt (1821-29) Fueled by nationalism, ideas of French Rev. Ottomans, Egypt vs. Greeks, Great Powers Battle of Navarino (October 20, 1827) Greek victory  Kingdom of Greece (1830) Battle of Navarino

The Ottoman Empire Gate of Patriarch Gregory V, the Phanar, Istanbul

The Ottoman Empire Reforms of Mahmud II (r. 1808-1839) Broke power of local rulers New, European-styled army  elimination of Janissaries (1826) Updated bureaucracy Embassies in Europe

The Ottoman Empire The Tanzimat (1839-1876) “Reorganization” along European, secular lines New trends and reforms OTTOMANISM New schools, outside control of ulama New civil, penal codes Constitution (1876)

The Ottoman Empire Reaction of Abdul Hamid II (r. 1876-1909) “Pan-Islam,” rather than Ottomanism Suspended constitution Censoring, spies Brutal suppression of revolts

The Ottoman Empire Questions?

Russia The Decembrist Revolt (Dec. 14, 1825) Alexander I  Nicholas I (r. 1825-1855) Secret societies wanted reform, constitution Reform-minded troops revolted  failure

Russia Nicholas’s Program Orthodoxy, autocracy, nationality Censorship Political police “Gendarme of Europe” Nicholas I

Russia Crimean War (1853-56) Began over Orthodox rights, Russian claims in Ottoman Empire Russia invaded Ottomans’ Danubian principalities  British, French declaration of war Russian defeat!

Russia Reforms of Alexander II (r. 1855-1881) EMANCIPATION MANIFESTO (1861) Zemstvos Judicial (1864) Military (1874) Alexander II

Russia Assassination of Alexander II (March 13, 1881) Previous attempts The People’s Will Bomb explosion  mortally wounded

Russia Questions?

Japan The Tokugawa Shogunate (1603-1868) Goal: maintain political stability Presided over period of growth Economic, agricultural prosperity Urbanization High literacy rates

Japan The West Confronts Japan Policy of isolation maintained Commodore Perry demanded opening of ports (1853) Japan agreed The arrival of Commodore Perry

Japan Meiji Restoration (1868) Support for shogunate eroded Civil war (1866-68)  end of shogunate Power now “restored” to Emperor Meiji (r. 1867-1912) New capital: Tokyo Emperor Meiji

Japan Modernization – Japanese Style! Feudalism abolished  centralized state National army, navy Universal primary school system Shinto Industrialization

Japan

Japan Japan and the World Victor in wars with China (1894-95), Russia (1904-05) First Asian state to defeat European power! West accepted it as equal player

Japan Questions?

China The Qing and the British British confined to Guangzhou, lost considerably in trade exchanges Requests for additional ports, presence in Beijing rejected (1793, 1816) Solution to trade problem: opium  widespread addiction China’s trade surplus disappeared

China Opium den

China The Opium Wars (1839-42, 1858-60) China suffered British, French attacks Consequences Hong Kong  British More ports open Extraterritoriality for Westerners Nemesis destroying a junk

China The Qing No capable rulers Empress Dowager CIXI (1835-1908) Regent for son, nephew Notorious for luxury, self-indulgence Blocked reform Cixi

China

China The Boxer Rebellion (1899-1901) Captured and killed foreigners, missionaries Laid siege to embassies in Beijing Western powers, Japan captured Beijing

China

China The Revolution of 1911 Many called for overthrow of Qing, formation of republic Revolt (October 1911)  abdication of Xuantong (r. 1908-1912) Republic of China declared 1912

China

China Questions?

The Eastern Powers How can we compare, contrast the eastern powers? What were their different responses to the West, modernity? Who made out, and who didn’t?