1. Reform and Revolution in Russia

2. Russian Empire Largest territory of any European nation
Highest population of any European nation
Undeveloped natural resources
Virtually landlocked (ports blocked by ice)
Many ethnic groups; various languages, religions, histories, customs

3. Nicholas I – Domestic Policy
Autocracy
Liberal ideas from Europe affect ethnic minorities; calls for constitution
“Russification”
1830s to counter liberalism
Censor press and speech
Force non-Russians to use Russian language, Orthodox church, Russian customs/traditions

4. Nicholas I – Foreign Policy
Pan-Slavism-union of all Slavic peoples under Russian leadership; especially Balkans
Expansion: east to Asia, south to Ottoman Empire
Crimean War-1850s; defeated by Ottoman Empire; lost territories

5. Alexander II Becomes czar in 1855
Established new form of local gov’t, councils called zemstvos
Limited powers of secret police; expanded education; more freedoms to press; reorganized military

6. Alexander II Labor Issues
Not enough workers for factories-industrialists call to release serfs
Calls to eliminate serfdom-liberals & Europeans
Modernize Russia-should not own people-Europeans had already abolish slavery
Emancipation Edict-frees serfs, 1861

7. Russian Radicals Nihilists-calls to build completely new Russia
Populists-educate/teach peasants, divide nobles land among peasants
People’s Will-violent radical group, used terrorism to promote demands; assassinates Alexander II in 1881 with bomb attack

8. Nicholas II
Reaction to assassination is to become more conservative, ends liberal reforms, establishes censorship; intensifies Russification
Pogroms-discrimination against Jews, led to massacres in 1881
Harsh reaction to Czar’s actions, liberals and radicals have support of new worker class
1898 socialists form Social Democratic Labor Party; grows increasingly radical

9. Revolution of 1905
Russo-Japanese War-1904/1905; Japan defeats Russia; exposes corrupt inefficient government
Pogroms against Jews intensifies
“Bloody Sunday”-Jan 22, 1905;czar’s troops fire upon unarmed strikers; triggers revolution
Czar issues October Manifesto-promises individual liberties, establishes Duma
Revolution fails to unseat Czar/government
Army remained loyal to Czar
France loaned money to Czar’s government
Revolutionary groups were not united in goals

10. Vocabulary/Identify Autocracy Czar Russification Pan-Slavism
Emancipation Edit
Zemstvos
Nihilists
Serfs
Populists
People’s Will
Pogroms
Social Democratic Labor Party
October Manifesto
Duma