1. Responses to the rise of the west
– AP World History

2. The Challenge

3. Industrial revolution
Increased manufacturing = need for new markets
Increased manufacturing = need for raw materials
Increased manufacturing = challenge to existing manufacturing centers (Middle East, India, etc.)

4. New Western ideas Capitalism The Enlightenment Nationalism
Free enterprise
Free market
Free trade
The Enlightenment
Popular Sovereignty
Representative Government
Personal Freedoms
Nationalism

5. Imperialism

6. The event

7. Ottoman: Napoleon invades Egypt

8. Russia: Crimean war

9. China: Opium war

10. China: The Opium War
Lin Zexu destroying opium. In the summer of 1839, Lin Zexu confiscated and destroyed 2.6 million pounds of opium. It took 500 laborers 22 days to destroy all of the opium.

11. China: Opium war

12. Japan: Arrival of Matthew Perry

13. Mexico: several issues

14. The response: Modernization

15. Aspects of Modernization
Get rid of old institutions holding you back
Modernize the military
Improve infrastructure
RAILROADS!
May need foreign investment
Industrialize
Take advantage of natural resources!
“Westernize” your government

16. Ottoman: Tanzimat Reforms
Early reforms of Selim III ( ) resisted by Janissaries
Janissaries slaughtered by Mahmud II in 1826
Tanzimat Reforms
Modernize military and bureaucracy
University education focusing on math & science
Western technology (telegraphs, railroads, etc.)
Constitution of 1876
Industrialization slowed by climate, government monopolies, etc.

17. Egypt: Industrialization
Reforms of Muhammad Ali
Modernize the military
Manufactured weapons
Emphasize cotton production
Financed by Britain bankers
Built railroads
Successors
Suez Canal
Led to British making Egypt a protectorate

18. Russia: Industrialization
Emancipation of serfs
Helped create urban labor force
Modernize military
Trans-Siberian railroad
Count Witte ( )
Promoted industry & banking
Encouraged foreign investment
Heavy Industry
4th in steel; 2nd in oil

19. China: Self-Strengthening movement
Modernized the military
Depended upon British and French investment
Built railroads
Mining and Textiles
Government regulated
Merchants given additional freedoms
No major political or social reforms

20. Japan: Meiji Restoration
Abolish feudal order
Daimyo and samurai class abolished
Constitutional government
Constitution of 1889
Established constitutional monarchy with legislature
Suffrage limited—only 5% could vote in 1890

21. Japan: Industrialization
Japanese industrialization
Modernize the military, infrastructure, communication, education, etc.
Zaibatsu
Combination of state initiative and private investment
Consolidates economic power into the hands of a few powerful families
Vertical monopolies
Mitsubishi and Mitsui
Many companies started by men of samurai origins

22. Japanese Economic Growth

23. Mexico: la Reforma Started by Benito Juarez (1858-1872)
Tried to limit power of landowners and Catholic church
New liberal constitution
Attempts at land reform fail
50% of rural population landless by 1910
Larger gap between creoles and mestizos/natives

24. Mexico: Industrialization
Porfirio Diaz ( )
Built railroads
Integrates regional economy
Improved banking system
Focused on oil & mining
Depended on foreign investment
U.S. investment
30 million pesos in 1885
1 billion pesos in 1910

25. Additional Reactions to Challenges & Responses

26. Ottoman & Egyptian Reactions
Conservatives
Janissaries
Abdul Hamid
Ulama and Qadis
Nationalists
Young Turks
Religious Movements
Madhist Revolt
Millenarianism

27. Russian Reactions Conservatives Liberals Radicals Kulaks (land owners)
Certain tsars
Liberals
Intelligentsia
Radicals
Anarchists
Socialists & Communists
Bolshevik Party

28. Chinese Reactions Conservatives Religious Movements Scholar-gentry
Dowager Empress Cixi
Religious Movements
Taiping Rebellion ( )
Caused by a myriad of problems
Natural disasters, economic collapse, government corruption and the defeat in the Opium War, growing Anti-Manchu sentiment, etc.
Led by Hong Xiuquan

29. Taiping Rebellion
Hong Xiuquan’s army was able to seize 44 Chinese cities including the Southern capital of Nanjing ( above)

30. Chinese Reactions Nationalism Boxer Rebellion (1898-1901)
Anti-Imperialist movement
Backed by Qing government
Put down by Western powers
Nationalist Party
Led by Sun Yatsen
Modeled after Western ideas
Liberal government
Nation-state
Social Reforms

31. Mexico Conservatives Radicals European intervention Catholic Church
Maximilian von Hapsburg
Catholic Church
Threaten to excommunicate anyone who follows La Reforma
Landowners
Radicals
Middle class called for electoral reform
Poor (mostly natives) form general uprising