1. Chapter 32: Societies at Crossroads
AP World History: by: Kimberly Zerbst

2. What you need to know British seek out new markets in China
Opium wars
Chinese and Ottoman resistance
The Boxer rebellion
Ottoman contraction in the Balkans
Meiji Japan
economic reforms
European & American expansionism
Russian economic and industrial development

3. China: Under Pressure and getting weaker
The British are Coming
Opium Wars
Chinese resistance
The Boxer Rebellion

4. China Under Seige Qing Dynasty 1759 restriction to Guangzhou
Mercantilism is incompatible with paying for goods in silver. Why?
Afternoon tea – the British obsession
The second – selling their new consumer goods
The restriction of Foreign merchants allowed the Qing dynasty to license and regulate the goods bought and sold, the prices, and Europeans were forced to pay to operate the system.
The East India company was looking for alternative ways to get Chinese goods that would be more cost effective than silver – they landed on Opium
The earliest reference to opium growth and use is in 3,400 B.C. when the opium poppy was cultivated in lower Mesopotamia (Southwest Asia). The Sumerians referred to it as Hul Gil, the "joy plant." The Sumerians soon passed it on to the Assyrians, who in turn passed it on to the Egyptians. As people learned of the power of opium, demand for it increased. Many countries began to grow and process opium to expand its availability and to decrease its cost. Its cultivation spread along the Silk Road, from the Mediterranean through Asia and finally to China where it was the catalyst for the Opium Wars of the mid-1800s.

5. “By the year 1834 the efforts of the local authorities to suppress the trade resulted in the periodical issue of vain prohibitions and empty threats of punishment, which did not more plainly exhibit their own weakness in the eyes of the people, than the strength of the appetite in the smokers.” Williams, Ship Captain EIC
Discuss growing in India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, places where there is dry, sunny, warm climate and then shipping it to China, addicting a nation, and then stripping it of its wealth AND creating drug addicts.

6. 1839 – 20,000 chests destroyed, this means WAR
Opium War(s) ( )
Unequal treaties
Hong Kong
Most favored nation status
Extraterritoriality
Spheres of influence
Rather than being one war, the Opium war is actually a series of small clashes between the British and the Chinese
The Brits captured city after city and finally steamed up into the grand canal and the Chinese sued for peace

7. Spheres of Influence
What did a sphere of influence mean? It meant that you could essentially do whatever you liked, build a church, a company, a town, use the labor, write your own laws, collect your own taxes. The people were still Chinese, but the Chinese government could only ask politely if they needed those people or that land.

8. What is this political cartoon depicting?
Who is doing the carving?
Why are these particular countries present?
French political cartoon from the late 1890s. A pie represents "Chine" (French for China) and is being divided between caricatures of Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom, William II of Germany (who is squabbling with Queen Victoria over a borderland piece, whilst thrusting a knife into the pie to signify aggressive German intentions), Nicholas II of Russia, who is eyeing a particular piece, the French Marianne (who is diplomatically shown as not participating in the carving, and is depicted as close to Nicholas II, as a reminder of the Franco-Russian Alliance), and the Meiji Emperor of Japan, carefully contemplating which pieces to take. A stereotypical Qing official throws up his hands to try and stop them, but is powerless. It is meant to be a figurative representation of the Imperialist tendencies of these nations towards China during the decade.
This omits a mention that the Chinese man has extremely long fingernails, which make him appear fierce, but actually the long, fragile fingernails render him completely weak and powerless, because his fragile nails make him incapable of harming anybody or doing any kind of useful effort with his hands.

9. Self-Strengthening Movement – Attempts reform 1860-1870
“Chinese learning at the base, Western learning for use”
A blend of Chinese culture w/European technology
Used Confucian values
Brought superficial industrialization to China
Cixi fought the reform
It didn’t work because the Europeans who controlled the ports didn’t want it to work

10. Boxer Rebellion 1899
Called boxers by Europeans because of their fitness
Read the handout and answer these questions
Why were the boxers up in arms in the first place?
How did the Empress Dowager use the Boxers?
Why did the Europeans send an army?
What was the outcome of the Rebellion?
Hand out Boxer Rebellion Readings have students highlight and discuss questions

11. Checking for Understanding Write answers on whiteboard
What European nation led the charge to “open” China?
What substance replaced silver bullion as a means of paying for Chinese goods?
What efforts did the Qing dynasty employ to stop European expansionism?
What type of imperialism ultimately prevailed in China?

12. Ottoman Empire Shrinking
Ottoman Resistance
Loss of Egypt

13. The sick man of Europe
The loss of Egypt was the most significant loss the Ottomans suffered
Napoleon invaded Egypt hoping to use it to get India back from the British.
He failed, but what he did do was start a huge civil war inside Egypt as the locals attempted to get power back from the Ottomans who Napoleon had managed to weaken.
Muhammad Ali won, and built a European style army
He was officially under Ottoman rule until 1820, but by that point the Ottomans were so weak they had no real power over Egypt.
Egypt is the bread basket of Africa, the loss of it meant a death toll for the Ottoman empire

14. Ottoman Resistance Mahmud II Reforms (1808-1839)
Tanzimat Reforms ( )
Public trials, penal code, commercial code, civil code
Extended rights to ALL citizens, not just Islamic citizens
Young Turks ( )
Constitutional, representative government
Anti-reform elements within government
Janissaries
Islamic conservatives
Selim III attempted to re-make the military as a European force
He was murdered by the Janissaries
His cousin Mahmud II managed to massacre the Janissary uprising before they could get to him
He instituted secondary education for boys
Infrastructure (roads, telegraph, postal service)
Streamlined the empire size wise
Tanzimat means reorganization
Young Turk wanted an essentially British system of rule – a modern country that was Turkish in language, culture, and belief

15. Checking for Understanding Write answers on whiteboard
What European powers participated in the dismantling of the Ottoman empire?
Which group most vehemently opposed military reforms in the Ottoman empire?
Which group most vehemently opposed technological and law reforms in the Ottoman empire?
Why were the Ottoman sultans eventually politically obsolete?

16. Meiji Japan Emerges – A whole new Japan
Economic Reforms
European and American Expansionism

17. EduCanon Class Activity
Login to EduCanon and complete the question activity as a class

18. Russia – The Bear awakens
Economic and Industrial reforms – too little too late

19. The Crimean War
The Russians thrust into the Balkans that were Ottoman territory and won. So they tried to make the Ottoman empire a protectorate.
This would have upset the balance of power in Europe so Britain and France came to the aid of the Ottomans and saved them from becoming Russian
This is important because it demonstrated that the Russians were big and bad when they were picking on the Qing in Manchuria or the Ottomans, but they had no ability to wage war against the western European industrialized countries.
It wounded Russian pride and spurred social and economic reforms to kick start Russia into the 19th century

20. Primary Sources on Russian Serfdom
What justification is used in 1797 to give Serfs a day off?
Based on the Moskovskie Advertisement, how are serfs treated?
What reform is Nicholas I calling for in his 1842 speech?
What are his justifications for this reform?
What trend is escalating in 1847?
What is Alexander II calling for in 1861?
What are his justifications for this reform?
How do the opinions of the Czar’s regarding serfdom change over time?
Using your knowledge of history, why do you believe these opinion change?
Pass out Primary Sources on Russian Serfdom
Have students answer Questions based on the resource
1861 Serfdom officially abolished by Czar Alexander II
Seen by those in Europe as a capitulation based on the humiliation of the Crimean War

21. Reform Timeline Anarchists = terrorists
Czar Alexander II assassinated (1881)
Nicholas II (R )
Russo-Japanese war
Bloody Sunday
Duma established
From 1873 – 1881 when they finally killed the Czar in a carriage bombing, the anarchists stirred up dissent among the population using Witte’s new railroads to get from place to place
To prove himself, Nicholas II made moves to take over Manchuria bringing on the Russo-Japanese war
Bloody Sunday: a mob of workers marched on the imperial palace asking for a representative govt were shot by the guards – this proved what the Russians had always believed that they were viewed as nothing more than slaves by their leadership
Witte convinced Nicholas II to institute the duma, a representative body with no power to remove him
He saw this as a huge concession, the people of Russia saw this as too little too late.

22. Economic/Industrial Reform
Sergei Witte (Minister of Finance )
Trans-Siberian Railroad
Remodeling of the state bank
Protective tarrifs
Developed stell & coal with French & British money
Factory worker strikes
Peasant rebellions
One of my all time favorite reformers Sergei Witte attempted to industrialize Russia while remaining loyal to the Czar.
The problem was that newly freed serfs wanted to be agrarian not industrial, and they didn’t want to continue to live in the squallor that was required of a newly industrializing society
The only ones getting rich were capitalists from outside the country
Where else have we seen this phenomenon?

23. Checking for Understanding Write answers on whiteboard
What did the Crimean war demonstrate about the Russian military?
What impact did the freeing of the serfs have on the life of an everyday serf?
How did this influence public opinion toward the Czar’s?
What effect did Witte’s reforms have on Russia?
Do you think Witte’s reforms were effective?

24. Do you KNOW it? British seek out new markets in China
Opium wars
Chinese and Ottoman resistance
The Boxer rebellion
Ottoman contraction in the Balkans
Meiji Japan
economic reforms
European & American expansionism
Russian economic and industrial development