1. CH 24 Ottoman and Qing
WHAP Mr Pack

2. CH 24
Ottoman Empire- refusal to adapt to westernized technology, ideas of enlightenment, over expansion and corruption led to decline and nickname “The Sick Man of Europe”
Egypt- ruled by mamluks (about 600 years prior)
Napoleon conquers mamluks in 1799, but must return to France- mamluks retake control
Ottoman sultan sends military to retake Egypt- military officer Muhammed Ali selected by locals to be new governor, sultan has no power to refuse

3. Muhammed Ali of Egypt

4. Ch 24
Ali expands Egypt- takes Sudan by 1820, Ali attempts to aid Sultan against Greece revolutionaries seeking independence, but Egypt navy destroyed at Battle of Navarino (1827), Greece independent in 1832
Ali sends son to conquer Syria in , successful attempts to conquer Ottoman Empire but European forces intervene

5. CH 24
Ali reforms- use of conscription, established schools, sent officers to France for education, started first official newspaper in Islamic world.
Industrializes Egypt, taxes peasants so high that land is seized- Suez Canal built in 1869 increases trade
Sultan Selim III (rules Ottoman Empire from ) attempted reforms to match Europe but Islamic scholars disapprove of limiting of religion and Janissaries want to hold privilege and power and have him executed instead

6. Navarino, Suez Canal, Sultan Selim III

7. CH 24
Sultan Mahmud II ( ) abolishes Janissaries in 1826 making European style artillery unit instead. Feudal system ended in 1831 and military paid thru government taxes.
Road building, postal service organized, improved government centralization
Crimean War- ( ) shows Ottomans as weak, need assistance from Great Britain and France to defeat Russia
After Mahmud Tanzimat reforms occur ( )

8. CH 24
Tanzimat reforms:
End of corruption, secular and specialty schools founded ( engineering, military, etc.)no longer controlled by ulama, railroads and canals constructed, codified new laws making it easier for foreigners to trade with empire
1856 Hatt-I Humayun (Ottoman Reform Edict) declares equality for all men in education, government appointments, and justice without regard to religion or ethnicity.

9. CH 24
Military headgear- fez instead of cap, so forehead can touch ground in worship
Ottoman loss of territory, Greece + Egypt, also Balkans (Bulgaria, Romania, Serbia) which become protectorates of Russia or the Austria Hungarian Empire. North Africa Algiers controlled by France, Britain controls Cyprus.
Ottoman Empire gives trading rights to nations but does not benefit, civil unrest (Young Turks who want new constitution), Ottomans make secret alliance with Germany in hopes of returning to power

10. Young Turks wearing Fez

11. CH 24 Qing China’s final dynasty (1644-1911)
European powers could only trade in Canton (Guangzhou), traded for tea, porcelain, silk
China desires no European goods, except for popular opium
Importation against law but not enforced
As opium addiction spreads, China starts to enforce law and seize shipments leading to the opium war ( )

12. CH 24
British- seizure of opium a violation of free trade, want stronger economy so go to war
Chinese lose war, ends with Treaty of Nanking- ends Canton system, 4 more chinese ports open to trade, British citizens granted extraterritoriality rights (not subject to Chinese laws), Hong Kong becomes British colony.
Spheres of Influence- European powers dominate China trade

13. Opium War

14. CH 24 Qing
Taiping Rebellion- resentful of Emperor and “foreign devils”, starving peasants, and workers unite to oppose Qing rule. Taipings seize city of Nanjing but eventually conquered with help from Britain and France.
Yellow river changes course causing floods, draughts and famine, bubonic plague also breaks out …leading to death of perhaps 20 million

15. CH 24 Qing
China attempts reforms (self strengthening movement ), improve military technology, customs service
China defeated in Sino-Japanese War ( )
New emperor attempts reform-but mother takes power Cixi (known as the Empress Dowager)

16. CH24 Qing
Empress fears foreign influence, puts stop to railroad and other developments
Ends civil service system
Boxer Rebellion ( ) Righteous and Harmonious Order of Fists (secret society) opposes foreigners, targeting Christian missionaries and converts. British and American forces (with reluctant Chinese forces) put down rebellion

17. Empress Dowager, Boxer Rebellion

18. CH 24 Qing
U.S. Secretary of State John Hay- open door policy, all powerful nations have equal trading rights in China
Russo-Japanese war- Russians defeated, Japan moves into Manchuria weakening Chinese empire
1911- Revolutionary movement overthrows dynasty, lead by Sun Yat-Sen on the principles of democracy, nationalism and livelihood. Many Chinese leave to work in foreign nations as indentured servants.