Prof .elham Aljammas MAY/2015 L9 Motivation Prof .elham Aljammas MAY/2015 L9

What is motivation? Coming from the Greek word “movere,” which means to move, motivation involves the question of why people behave, think and feel the way they do.

Motivational Moderators Influence the impact of motivation on behavior Moderator Motivation Behavior

Blocked by barrier like obstacles Deficiency Frustration Motive Desired goal Blocked by barrier like obstacles Deficiency Restriction by society custom Frustration Immediate consequence remote consequences (defense mechanism)

What is motivation? Motivation is having the desire and willingness to do something (e.g. becoming a professional; learning how to ride a bike)

What are the characteristics of a motivated behavior? Energized to do or engage in an activity; Directed towards reaching a specific goal; Sustained and intensified feelings about reaching that goal.

What are the kinds of motives? Basic or Primary Motives Need to adjust to temperature Need to quench thirst Need to satisfy hunger Avoidance of pain Need for sensory stimulation Need for sex Acquired or Secondary Need to belong Need for love Need for achievement Need to be nurtured Need for safety

Theories of Motivation

The Biological Influences

I. INSTINCT THEORY William McDougall (1908): Humans are motivated by a number of different instincts (e.g. curiosity, self-assertion). Instincts—are innate tendencies or biological forces that determine behavior; they are assumed to be universal throughout species.

Instincts are now redefined as fixed action pattern—an innate biological force that predisposes an organism to behave in a fixed way in the presence of a specific environmental condition

II. DRIVE-REDUCTION THEORY Key Components: Need—a biological state in which the organism lacks something essential for survival (e.g. food, water, oxygen); a deprivation that energizes the drive to eliminate or reduce the deprivation. Drive—a state of tension produced by need that motivates the organism to act to reduce that tension.

Why would the organism want to reduce the tension? To go back to a state of homeostasis—once the need is satisfied, the body returns to a more balanced state or equilibrium.

DRIVE-REDUCTION THEORY: A need results in a drive, which is a state of tension, that motivates the organism to act to reduce the tension and return the body to homeostasis.

Socio-Cultural Influences The Behavioral and Socio-Cultural Influences

III. INCENTIVE THEORY Incentives—are environmental factors, such as external stimuli, reinforcers or rewards, that motivate our behavior. Examples: grades, recognition, money, fame

Because incentives are external, they are thought of as pulling us to obtain them; whereas drives are internal, they are thought of as pushing us to obtain them. Hence, incentives and drives are the pull and push of our behavior.

The Cognitive Influences

IV. COGNITIVE THEORY Extrinsic motivation—involves engaging in certain behaviors or activities because of incentives or external rewards

Intrinsic motivation—involves engaging in certain behaviors or activities because the behaviors themselves are personally rewarding or because engaging in these activities fulfills our beliefs or expectations.

In summary: The theory of fixed action patterns (instinct) explains the behavior of animals. The drive-reduction theory (a pushing forced) explains our actions to meet biological or physiological needs. The incentive theory (a pulling force) explains why we do things to obtain external rewards. The cognitive theory explains that we do things to satisfy personal beliefs or meet personal goals.

The Humanistic Approach

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Abraham Maslow believed that our needs are arranged in a hierarchy. We satisfy our biological needs first before we turn our attention and energy to fulfilling personal and social needs. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is represented by a pyramid and shows the order in satisfying biological and social needs.

Two Kinds of Needs: Biological needs—are physiological requirements that are critical to our survival and physical well-being. Examples: food, water, oxygen, sleep, avoidance of pain and sex Social needs—are needs that are acquired through learning and experience. Examples: affiliation, nurturance, play, dominance, achievement

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Higher Order Needs Lower Order Needs

Level 1. Physiological needs Physiological needs—includes food, water, sleep, sex, etc. necessary for basic survival. Examples: People who are homeless would be especially concerned with satisfying their physiological needs.

Level 2. Safety and security needs Safety and security needs—the need for protection from harm. Examples: People who live in dangerous communities will be concerned about satisfying their safety needs.

Level 3. Love and belongingness needs Love and belongingness needs—the need for affiliation and acceptance by others. Examples: Adolescents and young adults who are beginning to form serious relationships would be interested in satisfying their need for love and belongingness.

Level 4. Esteem needs Esteem needs—the need for achievement, competency, gaining approval and recognition. Examples: During early and middle adulthood, people are concerned with achieving their goals and establishing their careers.

Level 5. Self-actualization needs Self-actualization needs—the need to fulfill one’s unique potential as a human being; this is the highest and most elusive kind of need and because it is difficult and challenging, only a few individuals are able to reach this level.

REFLECTION: What motivates me most? Write a short reflection paper on the things that motivate you most: To achieve To love To go on with your life Rank the following list of values in terms of how important are they as your guiding principles : A comfortable life —An exciting life A sense of accomplishment —A world at peace A world of beauty —Equality Family security —Freedom Happiness —Inner harmony Mature love —National security Pleasure —Salvation Self-respect —Social recognition True friendship —Wisdom