1. Motivation and Emotion
Chapter 13
Motivation and Emotion

2. 1. The Psychology of Motivation
Motive – a stimulus that moves a person to behave in ways designed to accomplish a specific goal
Need – a condition in which we require something we lack
Drives- the forces that motivate an organism to take action

3. Theories of Motivation
Instinct Theory – behavior patterns are genetically transmitted
Ex. Freeze when you see a car coming at you
Drive Reduction Theory – people act to reduce drives and their associated tensions
Ex. Eating to reduce hunger
Humanistic Theory – people act out of a desire for growth and fulfillment beyond basic needs
Ex. Pursuing art or music because it makes you happy even though it may not pay well.
Sociocultural Theory – individual needs and motives are influenced by culture and society
Ex. Culture affects how we choose to dress, what we choose to eat, and how we choose to eat it.

4. Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Claimed that people strive to fulfill their capacity for self-actualization
Self-actualization – need to become what one believes he or she is capable of being.
Organized human needs into a hierarchy
Maslow believed that once needs had been satisfied at one level, the person will try to satisfy needs at the next higher level.

6. 2. Biological Needs: Focus on Hunger
Biological Needs – food, water, air, temperature, pain avoidance

7. The Hunger Drive
regulated by both biological and psychological factors

8. The Role of the Mouth
Study found that dogs stopped feeding after a brief time even when food did not make it to their stomach
Conclusion – chewing and swallowing help reduce feelings of hunger

9. The Role of the Stomach
When we are hungry, stomach contracts, may cause hunger pangs that signal hunger
However, people that have surgery to remove their stomachs still experience hunger
Conclusion – stomach plays a role in hunger, but is not main factor

10. The Role of the Hypothalamus
Study on rats found that part of the hypothalamus functions as ‘start eating’ center and another as a ‘stop eating center.’
These parts of the hypothalamus could be manipulated to force overeating or eliminate eating altogether.

11. The Role of Psychological Influences
We often eat more in the presence of others
Some people may eat when upset to produce good feelings

12. Obesity
Definition: weighing more than 30 percent above ones recommended weight
1 out of 4 American adults is obese.
Obesity holds both physical and social consequences.
Obese people are more likely to suffer from disease
Obese people tend to be less popular and successful than people who are not obese

13. Relationship between heredity and obesity
Obesity tends to run in families
People with a certain gene may not be aware that are eating too much.
Genes also determine the number of fat cells a person has.
People metabolize food at different rates

14. 3. Psychological Needs
In addition to biological needs, we experience psychological needs
Psychological needs often lead us to increase the amount of stimulation we experience.
Stimulus Motives - desires for stimulation, including sensory stimulation, activity, exploration and manipulation of environment
Sensory Deprivation – absence of stimulation. Study found that people blindfolded and deprived of stimulation became extremely uncomfortable and many chose to quit the study.

15. Stimulus Motives
Desire for Sensory Stimulation – some people need stimulation more than others.

16. Achievement
Achievement Motivation – drive to get ahead, tackle challenges and meet high personal standards of success
Performance goals – specific goals, such as gaining admission to college, earning approval of parents, avoiding criticism.
Learning goals – learning for learning’s sake

17. Achievement
Extrinsic rewards – external rewards, such as good grades, income, respect from others.
Intrinsic rewards – internal rewards, such as self-satisfaction, happiness, etc.

18. Making Things Fit
Cognitive consistency – seek to think and behave in a way that fits what they believe and how others expect them to think and behave
Balance theory – people want to hold consistent views of the world and share time with people that share their values
Imbalance – when we care for another person, however are views to not match ours
Nonbalance – when we dislike or feel indifferent about others, their disagreement with us leaves us indifferent

19. Making Things Fit
Cognitive Dissonance Theory – people are motivated to reduce inconsistency between their thoughts and actions

20. Affiliation
Affiliation – desire to join with others and be part of something larger than oneself
Affiliation motivation – helps keep families, groups and nations together

21. 4. Emotions
Emotions – states of feeling

22. Theories of Emotion
Opponent-process theory – emotions often come in pairs, with one emotion being followed by its opposite
Cannon-Bard theory – physical responses and cognitive activity occur simultaneously
Cognitive Appraisal – bodily responses of all emotions are basically similar but they are labeled differently in different situations