What causes us to do what we do? MOTIVATION & EMOTION What causes us to do what we do?

Terminology Motives Needs Drives Stimulus that moves us toward a specific goal Needs Absolute necessities Drives Motivate us to take action

About those needs… Biological Psychological 5 Examples… Necessary for survival Based on deprivation Inborn Psychological Examples… Not survival-based Can be learned

About those drives… What role does the Hypothalamus play? Why do we overdo things?

About those motivations… Instinct Theory Inborn “Fixed-Action Patterns” William James

About those motivations… Drive-Reduction Theory Clark Hull Homeostasis

About those motivations… SocioCultural Theory Just what you think it means

About those motivations… Humanistic Theory Quest for fulfillment Self-Actualization What about obstacles? Abraham Maslow

About those motivations… Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs SELF-TRANSCENDENCE – finding meaning beyond the self SELF-ACTUALIZATION – fulfillment of potential ESTEEM – achievement, competence, recognition, respect LOVE – love, acceptance, belonging SAFETY – protection, security, stability PHYSIOLOGICAL – air, food, water, rest, shelter

Stimulus Motives Sensory Stimulation Activity Exploration & Manipulation Achievement Motivation Extrinsic or Intrinsic

Achievement Motivation How can we increase response? Project?

Reduced-Tension Motives Cognitive Consistency Affiliation Balance Theory Cognitive-Dissonance Theory

Emotions What are they? States of feeling

Emotions What are they? …and what aren’t they?

Emotions Aristotle Anger Shame Mildness Shamelessness Love Benevolence Envy Pity Enmity Indignation Fear Emulation Confidence Contempt

Emotions Ancient Chinese theory All are inborn Happiness Anger Sorrow Fear All are inborn

Emotions John B. Watson William James Fear Rage Love Everything we do is designed to gain happiness.

Emotions Are they… What is the relationship? Biological ? Cognitive ? Behavioral ? What is the relationship?

Emotions …are a response of the whole organism, involving Physiological arousal Expressive behavior and Conscious Experience in an unagreed-upon order.

Theories of Emotion James-Lange Theory Arousal comes before Emotion Changing our Behavior would change the Emotion Ignores Cognition, Values, & Choices

Theories of Emotion Cannon-Bard Theory The Brain processes a stimulus that causes both Physical and Emotional reactions Emotions are therefore caused by external stimuli

Theories of Emotion Theory of Cognitive Appraisal Emotions come from our Situational Analysis and the Reactions of Others.

Theories of Emotion Sometimes we simply react to a situation with an emotional response without analyzing it.

Do Emotions Evolve? Emotions Adaptation The Role of Play The Role of Fear

Emotions: Lots of Questions How do we know what emotions someone is feeling ? Can we “fake” them ? What if certain emotions linger ? What if a person had no emotions ?

Emotions: Lots of Questions Are emotions universal ? Margaret Mead says, “No” Other studies say, “Yes” Are happiness surveys objective ? [ Reliability – Validity measures ] How about the experiment where moms say their 3-month-old is: Curious (99%) – Joyful (95%) – Angry (84%) Surprised (74%) – Fearful (58%)

Emotions: Lots of Questions Can we choose our emotions? How do we deal with anger ? Control or Outburst What is more effective ?