2. Lecturer Psychiatry- Mansoura UniversityBy
Ibtihal M.A. Ibrahim
Lecturer Psychiatry- Mansoura University

3. “The reasons underlying behavior”
Definition
The process that initiates, guides and maintains goal directed behaviors
“The reasons underlying behavior”

4. Types of Motivation Intrinsic Motivation Extrinsic Motivation
(Innate motives)
Motivation serving internal needs
Motivation for dealing with environment
Extrinsic Motivation
Rewards e.g. money, grades and threat of punishment
Competition

5. Intrinsic Motives Motivation serving internal needs
Organic: hunger, thirst.
Psychological: maternal, paternal motives.
Motivation serving internal needs
To deal with objects: exploration, manipulation.
To deal with emergency situations: escape motives
Motivation for dealing with environment

6. Components of Motivation
1)Activation involves the decision to initiate a behavior
2)Persistence is the continued effort toward a goal
3) intensity: concentration and effort that goes into pursuing a goal

7. Theories of motivation

8. Food seeking propensity
Instinct theory
All creatures are born with specific innate knowledge about how to survive. They are genetically coded
Food seeking propensity
Anger propensity
Sex propensity
Fear propensity
Parental propensity
Majority propensity
Curiosity propensity
Comfort propensity

9. Drive reduction theory
The tendency of the individual to take certain actions in order to reduce the internal tension that is caused by unmet needs (drives).
This theory is useful in explaining behaviors that have a strong biological component e.g. hunger or thirst.

10. Arousal theory
We are driven to maintain a certain optimal level of arousal in order to feel comfortable.
Arousal refers to a state of emotional, intellectual and physical activity.
Too high
A person would probably look for ways to relax
Too low
A person may watch an exciting movie or climb mountains

11. Psychoanalytic theory
Two basic drives
Life
Death

12. Humanistic theory
Abraham Maslow (1954) proposed that human beings are motivated to fulfill a hierarchy of needs, from those that are basic for survival up to those that promote growth and self enhancement

14. Incentive theory
In contrast to the notion that people are “pushed” into action by internal needs, many motivation psychologists believe that people are often “pulled” by external goals, or incentives. According to incentive theories of motivation, any stimulus object that people have learned to associate with positive or negative outcomes can serve as an incentive—grades, money, respect, ice cream, a pat on the back, or relief from pain. People are motivated to behave in certain ways when they expect that they can gain the incentive through their efforts and when they value that incentive

15. Cognitive theories (3Q)
Q1: can I do this task?
How well one can execute courses of action.
It predicts achievement
Self efficacy
Individual’s beliefs regarding causes of successful or failing performance
Types: ability, effort, task and luck.
Attributions
Locus of control.
Self worth

16. Q2: Do I want to do this task and why?
Cognitive theories
Q2: Do I want to do this task and why?
Attainment
Intrinsic enjoyment.
Utility value
Cost value
Expectancy-value
It is the person’s ability to identify or find personally important reasons to do such activity
Self-determination theory

17. Q3: what do I have to do to succeed in this task?
Cognitive theories
Q3: what do I have to do to succeed in this task?
Leads to forming behavioral intentions
Motivation
It leads from intention to actual behavior
Volition

18. Provocation of motives
Defining a clear goal
Delineating intermediate goals
Mutual confidence between leader and executer
Adequate facilities