#3 Ch. 9.1 The Beginnings of Industrialization

California State Standard 10:3:2 Examine how scientific and technological changes and new forms of energy brought about massive social, economic, and cultural change (e.g., the inventors and discoveries of James Watt, Eli Whitney, Henry Bessemer, Louis Pasteur, Thomas Edison).

MAIN IDEA- (Science and Technology); The Industrial Revolution started in England and soon spread to other countries. WHY IT MATTERS NOW- The changes that began in Britain paved the way for modern societies.

Setting the Stage Political revolutions, spurred on by nationalism in US, France, and Latin America brought in new govt. Industrial Revolution: –Refers to the greatly increased output of machine- made goods that began in England in the mid 1770’s. –Soon it will spread from England to Continental Europe to N. America.

Industrial Revolution Begins England 1700 –Wealthy landowners begin to buy up land that village farmers had once worked –With dramatically improved farming methods more food is produced than at any other time. England's Population Growth

Agricultural Revolution Paves the Way *** After purchasing land, wealthy land owners begin to fence in land, known as enclosures. 2 results : 1. Experiment ’ s with more productive seeding and harvesting methods boost crop yields 2. Large landowners force small ones to either : a.Become tenant farmers b.Quit farming / moved to cities to work in factories

Science in farming –(1701) Jethro Tull (Not the band) Farmer Invents seed drill that “sowed” seeds in well spaced rows at specific depths –Crop Rotation Crops are rotated from season to season to allow soil nutrients to be replenished Crop Rotation  This guy Not this guy  Invented this seed drill

Effects of Agricultural Revolution on England’s Population ***As food output increases so does England’s population. –More/better food  improved diets  Healthier/longer lives  Increased population  Increased demand for food/ goods (cloth) Small landowners forced into cities for work –Become factory workers

Why did the Industrial Revolution begin in England? England had: 1.A large population 2.Extensive natural resources Both necessary for Industrialization: –Increase of machine made goods over hand made Evils of Industrialization

***Natural Resources needed: 1.Coal to fuel new machines 2.Iron ore to make tools, machines 3.Rivers for inland transportation 4.Natural harbors for merchant ships 5.Water power British advanced banking system allows: –Bank loans allow owners to invest in new technology to become more efficient –Wealthy to invest in developing industries Coal/Iron Ore Investment/Bank Loans

No wars are fought on British soil, provides security ***England has ALL factors of production:*** 1.Land 2.Labor 3.Capital (wealth)

Inventions Spur Industrialization Cotton Industry –John Kay (1733) “flying shuttle” –Doubled the output of cotton –James Hargreaves (1764) “spinning jenny” –Allows one worker to spin eight instead of one thread –Richard Arkwright (1769) “water frame” –**Water power replaces man power** Spinning Jenny  Water Frame  Flying/spinning shuttle 

–Samuel Crompton (1779) “Spinning Mule” combines spinning jenny and water frame. Thread is made stronger, finer, more consistent –Eli Whitney (U.S. 1793) “Cotton Gin” removed seeds from raw cotton American cotton production jumps from 1.5 to 85 million lbs!!!  Newly invented machines were bulky and expensive –Spinning and weaving taken out of home and moved into factories. 1 st factories built near streams for water power Spinning Mule  American Cotton Production Cotton Gin 

Improved Transportation The need to move products agri./textile from factory to market –James Watt (1765) Mathematical instrument maker **Creates a more efficient steam engine** –Robert Fulton (1807) Makes steamboat called Clermont Orders steam engine from Watt The Clermont Steamboat

England (1850) –Creates network of man-made canals –Used to transport raw/finished goods throughout England –John McAdam Created roads layered with stones and crushed rock. –Even in rainy weather wagons could travel w/o sinking in mud Investors form companies that built turnstiles/turnpikes: –Toll roads and charged $ to pass John McAdam

English Railroad George Stephenson (1825) – World’s first railroad in England Ran from Yorkshire coal fields to Stockton (N. Sea), 27miles. Liverpool-Manchester RR (1830) –Stephenson designed locomotive called “Rocket” Could pull 13-ton 24 mph. Rocket

4 major effects of RAILROADS: 1.Cheap way to transport finished products spurs growth 2.Creates new jobs for RR workers and miners (coal/iron) 3.Agri. and Fishing could now transport food to distant cities 4.People could travel from countryside to city in short amount of time

Review Questions 1. List two reasons why industrialization began in England. 2. List 2 inventions created to speed up the cotton industry. 3. List 2 effects of the railroads in England. 4. How did the Agricultural Revolution impact the Industrial Revolution? 5. Which invention led to a dramatic increase in the production of cotton?