The High and Late Middle Ages The Holy Roman Empire & The Church Use with 8-I CLOZE Notes

Objectives Understand why Holy Roman emperors failed to build a unified nation-state in Germany Describe the conflict between Pope Gregory VII and Emperor Henry IV Summarize the struggle to control Italy Analyze how the Church reached the height of its power under Pope Innocent III

I. The Holy Roman Empire A.Charlemagne 1.Ruled during early Middle Ages 2.Brought much of present day France & Germany under his rule. 3.After his death, empire dissolved into a number of separate states.

I. The Holy Roman Empire B.Duke Otto I of Saxony – took the title of King of Germany 2.Worked with church; appointed bishops to top government jobs & helped pope defeat rebellious Roman nobles – Crowned emperor 4.Successors took title “Holy Roman emperor” because they were crowned by the pope & saw themselves as heirs to the emperors of ancient Rome.

Objective A Understand why Holy Roman emperors failed to build a unified nation-state in Germany

I. The Holy Roman Empire C.Emperors Struggle for Control 1.The real rulers of the land were the emperor’s vassals – hundreds of nobles & Church officials.

I. The Holy Roman Empire C.Emperors Struggle for Control 2.The popes tried to end the interference of emperors appointing bishops & abbots because they believed that only the pope had the right to appoint high Church officials.

I. The Holy Roman Empire C.Emperors Struggle for Control 3.Emperors spent time, effort, and money fighting with the popes  nobles free to gain more and more power

Objective B Describe the conflict between Pope Gregory VII and Emperor Henry IV

II. Feud Between Pope & Emperor A.Conflict between monarchs & Church – Henry IV crowned King of Germany; later becomes Holy Roman Emperor 2.Gregory VII was pope

II. Feud Between Pope & Emperor B.Gregory VII 1.Bans lay investiture – the practice where an emperor or another layperson (a person who is not a member of the clergy) presented bishops into high office. 2.Gregory said that only the pope had the right to appoint & install bishops in office.

II. Feud Between Pope & Emperor C.Henry IV 1.Was angry at Pope Gregory’s ban 2.Felt that he was entitled to give them the symbols of the office 3.Henry & Gregory exchanged insulting letters 4.Rebellious princes undermined Henry by supporting the pope.

II. Feud Between Pope & Emperor D.The Struggle Intensifies Gregory excommunicated Henry & freed his subjects from their allegiance to the emperor – Henry presents himself to the pope as a repentant sinner; Gregory forgives him & lifts the order of excommunication 3.Henry returns to Germany to subdue his rebellious nobles & takes revenge by leading an army to Rome to force the pope into exile.

II. Feud Between Pope & Emperor E.The Concordat of Worms – a compromise – treaty declared that the Church had the sole power to elect & invest bishops with spiritual authority. 2.Emperor retained the right to invest them with fiefs.

Objective C Summarize the struggle to control Italy

III. Struggle for Italy A.German Emperors Try to Subdue Italy 1.Frederick I, called Frederick Barbarossa, or “Red Beard” wanted to build an empire from the Baltic to the Adriatic; attempted to bring northern Italy under his control, but failed. 2.The Pope in the Lombard League defeated Barbarossa’s armies. 3.Barbarossa arranged a marriage between his son Henry and Constance, heiress to Sicily & Southern Italy.

III. Struggle for Italy A.German Emperors Try to Subdue Italy 4.Frederick II, Barbarossa’s grandson, was raised in Southern Italy & tried to subdue the cities of northern Italy, but failed.

Objective A & C Understand why Holy Roman emperors failed to build a unified nation-state in Germany Summarize the struggle to control Italy

III. Struggle for Italy B.Effects on Germany & Italy 1.Nobles in the Holy Roman Empire grew more independent & the empire remained fragmented feudal states. 2.Southern Italy & Sicily faced centuries of upheaval.

III. Struggle for Italy B.Effects on Germany & Italy 3.Popes turned to the French to overthrow Frederick’s heirs; local uprisings against French rule in Sicily led to 200 years of chaos between French & Spanish rivals battling for power.

Objective D Analyze how the Church reached the height of its power under Pope Innocent III

IV. Church Power Reaches its Height A.1200s – Church reached its peak of political power  Papal Supremacy – Pope Innocent III head church & claimed supremacy over all other rulers; he clashed with King John of England & Philip II of France – Innocent, aided by Philip II, launched a crusade against the Albigensians in southern France & slaughtered tens of thousands of them.

V. Beginning of the End of Papal Supremacy A.Innocent III dies; popes still claim supremacy, however French/English rulers growing more and more powerful – Philip IV of France challenges Pope Boniface VIII on taxing clergy, eventually  French Pope  moves papal seat to Avignon  Rome elects their own pope  several popes at one time  decline in power of the papacy