2.  After Charlemagne’s death – chaos again in Italy. › Italy split between Byzantines, Pope (Papal States) and Muslims (Sicily)  Otto I – elected in Germany › Strong and forceful ruler. › Desired to take over Italy › Pope John XII asks for his help against Roman nobles. › Pope rewards Otto with the title, “Emperor of the Romans” because Otto had helped him. › Otto I now controlled all of Germany and northern Italy (HRE) – less territory than Charlemagne, but still powerful in Europe.

3.  Ruled between 1046-1056  Felt that the government is more powerful and important than the church.  Strong and powerful leader.  Three different men claimed to be the pope.  Henry’s power enabled him to remove all three who claimed the papacy and install a German in their place.  Henry III also was able to name the next three popes.

4.  Henry IV was only 5 years old when he became emperor.  Nobles and the Church saw his youth as an opportunity to restore their power.  At 15, Henry attempted to strengthen the power of the empire over the Church by naming his own Bishops. This practice is known as “lay investiture”.  Gregory VII felt that the Church had power over all people – including kings. He claimed that the Catholic Church was the supreme power on earth.  Gregory excommunicates Henry and urges his subjects to overthrow him and elect another emperor.

5.  Henry eventually asked forgiveness of the pope. › He traveled to Carossa to meet with the pope. › Gregory VII made him wait 3 days to be allowed to see the pope. › Henry begs forgiveness of the pope, leading to the pope lifting his excommunication.  Concordat of Worms › Struggle over lay investiture continues. › Concordat of Worms was an agreement to settle this struggle. › Only popes could name bishops. › Emperor could appoint bishops to fiefs. › Thus – the Concordat of Worms limited imperial power over the German Church.

6.  Also known as Frederick I (1152-1190)  Wanted to gain control of Italy.  Bologna, Padua, Verona and Milan had become independent of the emperor.  Destroyed Milan, but the other cities continued to resist. › They formed the Lombard League and raised an army to fight off Frederick I.  They defeated Frederick in 1176 – but made an agreement that the emperor would be the ruler, but the cities could govern themselves.

7.  Pope from 1198 to 1216  Strongest of all the medieval popes.  Believed in the supreme power of the pope over all people – including kings and emperors – considered them servants of the Church.  Intervened in disputes throughout Europe and freely used his power of excommunication and interdiction to settle conflict and maintain control over Europe. › Placed an interdict over all of England and forced King John to become his vassal and pay an annual tithe to Rome. › Placed an interdict over France and forced King Philip to take his wife back (divorced) and re-name her queen. › Overthrew 2 German kings and replaced them with his own choice.  Never able to achieve unity between Germany and Italy.