1. The “Holy” World

2. “Holy Roman Empire” Founding
Like, Holy Empire man!
Founding
Duke of Saxony took over neighboring Germans
Otto I, “the Great” becomes King of Germany
Like Charlemagne, helped the Pope
Crowned Emperor
Holy because the Pope, Roman because they viewed themselves as successor to Rome

3. The Italian Dream
Emperor Frederick “Red Beard” Barbarossa dreamed of conquering Italy
Church and Northern Italian states resisted him
The struggle would continue for centuries

4. Effects German nobles grew independent while Emperor was away
HRE became a confederacy of states rather than Empire
Neither Germany nor Italy would become unified states
Effected modern sense of nationalism

5. The Church

6. Power of the Church Caretaker of souls
Local priests present for all important life events
Provided most social services, education, orphanages, et cetera
Owned 1/3 of all land in Europe
Made it most powerful economic and political force in Europe

7. Papal Supremacy Popes were appointed by HRE
Monastery in France rejected this
Cluny Reform
Claimed Papal Supremacy
Pope > Kings
Outlawed Simony-selling of church offices

8. Tools of the Church Excommunication Interdict
No communion
No Christian Burial
Straight to Hell
Interdict
Excommunication for entire communities
No taxes = incredible wealth
Huge tracks of land/armies

9. Power and Struggles
1076-Lay Investitures: Rulers giving clergy symbols of their power
Pope Gregory VII outlawed, HRE Henry mad
Gets excommunicated
Apologizes
Attacks Rome
Treaty of Worms
Church picks clergy
Rulers give land
It is a deal!

10. Power and Struggles (Cont)
1096 – Pope Urban calls for First Crusade
English Kill Archbishop over right to try Clergy, England backs down
1200 –Pope Innocent III
Claimed supremacy over all Kings
England gets interdict over Bishop nominee, backs down
Puts France under interdict when the King ended his marriage
Ordered crusade in France, killing thousands

11. Power and Struggles (Cont)
French fight over taxing the church, move papacy to France, two popes
This marked a decline in Catholic power