1. The Holy Roman Empire and the Church
Chapter 8 Section 2
The Holy Roman Empire and the Church

2. The Holy Roman Empire Otto I Becomes Emperor
Charlemagne’s Empire divided after his death
Otto I of Saxony took over the German Lands
Took title King of Germany
Worked closely with the Church, helped Pope to defeat rebellious Roman Nobles
Crowned Emperor in 962
Took title Holy Roman Emperor

3. Emperors Struggle for Control
Claimed control over central and eastern Europe,parts of France and Italy
In reality the real rulers were the nobles and Church officials, vassals of the Emperor
Emperors appointed bishops and abbots
Popes tried to end such interference from the secular rulers
I’m in charge
Around here buddy!!!!

4. The Feud Between Pope and Emperor
Gregory VII Causes Controversy
Henry IV crowned Holy Roman Emperor in 1054
Gregory VII wanted Church to be independent of secular rulers
Banned lay investiture
Only Pope had right to appoint
and install bishops in office

5. Henry IV Responds Henry IV angered Bishops held lands as a royal fief
He was their overlord, so he had the right to give them the symbols of office
Insulting letters exchanged
Rebellious German princes supported the pope

6. The Struggle Intensifies
1076 Gregory VII excommunicates
Henry IV
Subjects free from their allegiance
to Henry
Gregory set off to crown a new emperor
Henry had no choice but to repent
Gregory lifted the excommunication
Returned to Germany to put down revolts
Lead and army to Rome and forced Gregory into exile

7. A Compromise: The Concordat of Worms
Controversy over lay investiture lasted for 50 years
1122 both side accepted treaty known as the Concordat of Worms
Declared that Church had the sole power to elect and invest bishops with spiritual authority
The emperor retained the right to invest them with fiefs

8. German Emperors Try to Subdue Italy
The Struggle for Italy
German Emperors Try to Subdue Italy
Frederick I “Barbarossa” wanted the rich northern cities of Italy under his control
Fought to control them for years
Northern cities joined with Pope in the Lombard League
Barbarossa defeated
Henry, son of Barbarossa, and Constance married
Constance was heiress to Sicily and Southern Italy
Frederick II, grandson, clashed with several Popes’
Tried but failed to get control of cities in Norhern Italy

9. Effects on Germany and Italy
Nobles in Germany grew more independent while Frederick II was in Italy
HRE survived, but stayed a patchwork of feudal states
Would not become a nation state like France and England for another 600 years
Southern Italy and Sicily faced upheaval as well
Popes turned to French to overthrow Frederick’s heirs
Fighting between France and Spain left southern Italy in chaos

10. Church Power Reaches Its Height
Papal Supremacy
Pope Innocent III claimed Papal supremacy
Clashed with rulers and usually won
Excommunicated King John of England and put country under interdict
Same fate for Philip II of France
Teamed up with Philip to exterminate the Albigensians, heretical group in S.France
Philip gained their extensive lands

11. Looking Ahead
Popes continued to claim papal supremacy after death of Innocent II
French and English monarchs grew stronger
1296 Philip IV successfully challenged Pope Boniface III on the issue of taxing the clergy
French Pope elected
Papacy entered a period of decline