1. Rebirth of Europe POWERFUL STATES OF THE HIGH MIDDLE AGES

2. Economic Changes in the Late Middle Ages New farming techniques = more food = more people = higher demand for goods Manors moved away from the Manor economy and traded for goods Usury – or lending money became more common Medieval Cities were Chartered by the King or Lords and became centers of culture and trade ◦Guilds- groups of tradesmen ruled in Medieval towns ◦Made laws, collected taxes

3. Economic Changes in the Late Middle Ages A middle class emerges made of merchants traders and artisans By 1300 Europe looks VERY different than the beginning of the Medieval Era.

5. England Gains Power William I in England Conquered Britain and as King increased his power. ◦Monitored everything the lesser lords did, from building castles to shaping the land ◦Created the Domesday Book -listing every castle field and pigpen so he could accurately collect taxes

6. England Gains Power ◦Created a system of Royal Courts that became the basis for English Common Law that the US system is also based on ◦Idea that the law was the same for all people ◦Created a Jury to hear cases, 12 people sworn to speak the truth ◦Fought with the church over the right to try priests in court

7. France Rises The successors to Charlemagne in France ruled over a divided kingdom ◦Nobles were very powerful, Kings had only slight authority King Philip Augustus quadrupled the size of France and helped to create many new Medieval cities. King Louis IX gained more power than the Nobles through his strong personality, expanding the royal courts, and ending Serfdom, becoming a centralized monarchy

8. The Holy Roman Empire Duke Otto of Saxony becomes King of Germany ◦Crowned by the Pope The rulers after Otto took the name “Holy Roman Emperor” ◦“Holy” because they were crowned by the Pope ◦“Roman” because they felt they were the heirs to the Romans

9. Two Determined Rulers The Emperors and the Pope fought over who would appoint church officials Under Pope Gregory VII tensions rose ◦The Pope wanted freedom from Secular (non-religious) rulers ◦Changed rules so only the Pope could install a bishop Henry IV gets angry and tries to fight the pope Gregory VII excommunicates Henry Henry has to make peace with the Pope or he will lose his Kingdom.

10. Barefoot in the Snow After 3 days begging in the Snow, Henry gets Gregory to lift the order of excommunication Henry later drives Gregory into exile for revenge

11. Concordat of Worms The Struggle between Emperor and Pope finally ends in 1122 with the Concordat of Worms Gives only the church power to elect and invest bishops Gives Emperors the right to invest bishops with feifs.

12. New Struggles Holy Roman emperors are interested in Northern Italy for it’s rich cities Emperor Fredrick I arranges a marriage between his son Henry and Constance (Heiress to Sicily and Southern Italy Germany is pulled deeper into Italian struggles

13. Fredrick II Son of Constance and Henry, fought with the Popes Spent so much time in Italy he lost control of the German Nobles ◦Germany would remain feudal states for another 600 years instead of unifying.

14. The Church under Innocent III In 1200 the Church reached the peak of its power ◦Claimed supremacy over all other rulers ◦Phillip II tried to annul his marriage without asking the pope ◦Innocent III excommunicated him and placed his kingdom under Interdict- Excommunication of everyone in a region In 1209 Innocent launches a crusade against the Albigensians in south France- a group who wanted to purify the church ◦Tens of thousands of people were slaughtered