1. Chapter 8.2 Holy Roman Empire and the Church 1.During the Middle Ages, the Church and monarchs increased their power. 2.By 1077, conflicts had developed 3.Longest, most destructive feud was btwn the Holy Roman Empire and the Popes.

2. Focus Q Friday, 10/10 What was “lay investiture?” Why was it such a big deal during the late Middle Ages?

3. What we’ll learnWhy? 1.Holy Roman Emperors fail to unify Germany into a nation-state. 2.HRE Henry IV fights w/ Pope Gregory VII lay investiture 3.Church reaches apex of its power around 1200 1.This is part of the struggle for rule over Europe: secular leaders vs. the Church 2.Who do you think will win?

4. The Holy Roman Empire After Charlemagne's death, western Europe dissolved into many separate states. By 936, Otto I had united Saxon and German lands, took title of King of Germany

5. Otto I Becomes Emperor 1.Like Charlemagne, Otto I worked closely w/ the church 2.Helped the pope defeat rebellious Roman nobles 3.The grateful pope crowned him emperor 4.His successors took the title Holy Roman Emperor

6. Emperors Struggle for Control 1.German emperors claimed control over much of central and eastern Europe, parts of France and Italy. 2.However, the real rulers were the Church and nobles 3.The Huge conflict was…—who would appoint bishops and abbots (church officials)

7. The Feud Btwn Pope and Emperor 1054, Henry IV and Pope Gregory VII scrap.

8. Gregory VII Causes Controversy – Many liked his reforms, but …… – Some policies aroused hatred, contempt 1. He didn’t want secular rulers to appoint church bishops so Gregory banned…… ***LAY INVESTITURE—emperors or others appointing bishops, abbots*** – Would be a 50 year struggle

9. Henry IV Responds ****Henry says he can do it Pope says “no, you can’t” Henry says “yes, I can” Pope says “no, you can’t” Henry says “yes, I can”**** The issue….lay investiture

10. The Struggle Intensifies 1.Gregory VII excommunicates (excluded from the sacraments) Henry 2.Henry’s nobles revolted, forcing Henry to make peace 3.Henry repented…pope is a priest, had to forgive a sinner

11. The Struggle Intensifies 1.Gregory lifts the excommunication 2.Henry puts down his nobles….then…. 3.Attacks Rome, forcing the pope into exile 4.That’s gratitude for ya

12. A Compromise: ***Concordat of Worms***  1122, both sides accept a treaty 1.***Church had the sole power to invest w/ spiritual authority (to elect) Bishops*** 2.The emperor could still give them fiefs (for influence)

13. Think…Pair…Share What is lay investiture? How are lay investiture and the Concordat of Worms related?

14. The Struggle for Italy German emperors wanted control over Italy They came into conflict w/ popes and wealthy cities in northern Italy

15. German Emperors Try to Subdue Italy ***(HRE) Frederick Barbarossa battled wealthy northern Italy cities (Lombard League) and the pope*** So did his grandson, Frederick II, BOTH FAILED Barbarossa wants an empire from Baltic to Adriatic

16. “Red Beard”

17. Effects on Germany and Italy Holy Roman Empire survives as a patchwork of feudal states Germany wouldn’t become a nation-state for 600 years, unlike Eng and FR Southern Italy and Sicily faced centuries of violence

18. Church Power Reaches its Height In the 1200s, church reaches its peak political power Popes like Gregory VII claim the right to depose kings, emperors Later popes greatly expand papal power

19. Papal Supremacy 1198, Pope Innocent III claims supremacy over all rulers “pope stands btwn God and man and is judged by no one” Innocent tangles w/ many, usually wins – King John of England – King Philip II of France – Launches a holy war (crusade) against a religious group in Southern France

20. Papal Supremacy Innocent III strengthened papal power w/in the church too – Extended the Papal States – Reformed the Church courts – Changed the way that Church officials were chosen

21. Looking Ahead French and English monarchies grew stronger Around 1300, a French pope is elected, papacy entered a period of decline

22. Summarize On focus Q page 3 things you learned I wonder…… 1 simile