{ 12.2 Notes: The Beginnings of Change
Terms Enclosure movement: trend for large landowners to gradually fence & include private & public common lands in their estates. Capital: money available to invest in business. Entrepreneur: person who undertakes risks to establish a business. Factory system: method of production in which goods are made by workers and machines in one location (factory) outside their homes.
Series of inventions and new procedures change economies in Europe & America. 1700s- Landowners in Great Britain enclose fields- makes farming more productive. Called enclosure system. Small farmers move to town/cities to work in industry, as they are no longer dependent on village lands. From Farms to the Big City!
Crop rotation & different types of soil increase farm productivity. Lord Townsend grew turnips to enrich soil. Robert Bakewell bred strong horses for farm work & fatter sheep/cattle (meat). Jethro Tull- invents seed drill to plant in orderly rows. Landowners made money to invest in industries. Farm Productivity
What are key elements for industrial success in Great Britain? Capital, natural resources & labor supply 1700s- Landowners with capital invest in labor, machines & raw materials & get wealthy. Commerce and trade increased. Merchants & shopkeepers wealthy.
Great Britain rich in natural resources- harbors, rivers. Water power for industries & transport of raw materials & goods. Iron- steel for machinery. Coal- fuel industry. Resources:
Who organized & managed the businesses? Entrepreneurs- people in middle/upper classes. Domestic System gives way to Textile Industry. British want cotton cloth. Production expanded. John Kay- “Flying Shuttle” improves loom for weaving- makes more material. Need more yarn for material. James Hargreaves invents “Spinning Jenny” in 1760’s to do this.
Robert Arkwright- water frame- spinning machine ran on waterpower. Samuel Crompton- spinning mule- combined features of spinning jenny & water frame- thread into muslin cloth. Edmund Cartwright develops power loom for weavers. Need for cotton- Cotton Gin, 1793, Eli Whitney. Separated seeds from cotton more efficiently than by hand. V. Important People:
Water Frame: Spinning Jenny:Spinning Mule:
Factory System Cloth production went from homes to buildings near waterways. Water powered machines & transportation for raw materials & finished cloth. Factory System needed more power than horses or water provided. Steam power introduced. James Watt designs steam engine. Advantage? Factories could run year round even if water flows slowly or water is frozen.
Robert Trevithick brought steam-powered travel to land. Steam-powered carriage on wheels. 3 years later- steam locomotive on rails. Steam-Powered Energy:
Robert Fulton’s steamboat. Railroads & steamboats pave the way for global economy & new investments. Railroads and Steamboats:
NyOA NyOA NyOA Wrap-Up: VLA