The Civil War Chapter 4, Section 2

1861:Lincoln sent non-military supplies to Fort Sumter (SC) Confederate guns fired on the fort, beginning the Civil War Lincoln called for volunteers to join the northern army Slave states in the Union had to choose sides Questions rose over border states (DE, MD, MO, and KY)

P.G.T. Beauregard Confederate leader at Charleston Robert Anderson Commander of Fort Sumter

North South Goals Advantages Goals Advantages Preserve Union Abolish slavery Advantages Larger population More railroads More industry South Goals Preserve a way of life Be left alone Keep slavery Advantages Better military leaders Cotton exports for foreign aid

The War Both sides: West Point-trained officers Both sides: tactics from Mexican War Weapons deadlier Improved rifles Exploding artillery shells Observation balloons; camouflage Communication quicker with telegraph Railroads moved troops faster Bull Run (Manassas) 1st major battle; chaos

Anaconda Plan

War in the West Control of the Mississippi would split the Confederacy Early 1862: U. S. Grant opened 2 water routes into the South Grant won a victory at the Battle of Shiloh The battle dashed hopes that the rebellion would collapse on its own Admiral David Farragut sailed the U.S. fleet up the Mississippi Took New Orleans, then other river cities.

War in the East Gen. McClellan delayed his attack on the Confed. capital at Richmond Confed. Gen. Robert E. Lee lured Union forces to the 2nd Battle of Bull Run & won Defeat hurt northern morale Lee invaded Maryland, hoping to force northern surrender Battle of Antietam, the bloodiest of the war Considered Union victory since it stopped Lee’s invasion

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Slaves provided food for southern army Thousands escaped to US troops (protection) Some northerners wanted to punish the South for slavery policies and free the slaves January 1, 1863: Emancipation Proclamation Freed slaves in areas that were in southern control Some northerners opposed proclamation, others thought it should go further It encouraged freedmen to join Union forces Almost 180,000 African Americans served in segregated units

Robert Gould Shaw and the 54th Massachusetts (National Gallery of Art) Photo by Jay Middleton

Conditions for Soldiers Most soldiers died from diseases rather than wounds Poor sanitation and polluted water Soldiers spent most days in camp, doing drills, writing letters home, or playing games Conditions were terrible for prisoners of war at overcrowded camps and prisons

Home & International Effects Blockade stopped Southern trade Blockade-runners got cotton to Caribbean South suffered property damage, food shortages, inflation Confed. had 1st US draft US followed (Enrollment Act) —caused riots Wealthy could buy substitutes, or commutation Poor forced to be drafted Anti-war protesters hurt war effort (called Copperheads) & jailed

Gen. Joe Hooker in charge of U.S. armies 3 major battles in 1862 & 1863 Chancellorsville (VA): tried to take Richmond by surprise Lee marched army west, leaving some behind as a decoy He ordered surprise attack and won battle Gettysburg (PA): Lee invaded North 3-day battle; troops held positions for 2 days 15,000 Confed. troops charged the center lines & lost most of their men

Vicksburg (MS): Confederate stronghold on the Mississippi River Grant’s army attacked from the land side He shelled the city for weeks Tried to starve out defenders Gunboats fired on city from river Canon ball still in the wall of a house in Vicksburg, Mississippi Photo by Jay Middleton

Grant and Sherman Spring 1864, Grant’s troops march toward Richmond Armies of Grant & Lee battled through summer & fall 1864 Union Gen. William T. Sherman’s troops march through the deep South Total warfare (citizens suffer) Sherman captured Atlanta, then Savannah Aim was to destroy Southern morale and will to fight

Slaves greeted Sherman’s troops with joy White Southerners hated Sherman

Destruction in Atlanta after Sherman’s march.

Railroad destroyed by retreating Southern troops.

1864 Election Abraham Lincoln (Rep) vs George McClellan (Demo) Lincoln did not expect to win Sherman’s capture of Atlanta in Sept. boosted Northerner’s spirits Republican win meant war would continue Lincoln wins re-election

Final Days April 1865, Grant’s troops take Richmond Lee retreated from Richmond & surrendered April 9, 1865 Appomattox Court House, Virginia Other Confederate generals surrendered; by May war was over

April 14th 1865, Lincoln murdered Attending play with wife Shot by John W. Booth, actor & Confederate sympathizer