EMEP Steering Body, Geneva, 2014 Heavy metal pollution assessment within EMEP Oleg Travnikov on behalf of MSC-E and CCC

EMEP Steering Body, Geneva, 2014 Preparation of emissions data for modelling (4.3) Monitoring of heavy metals within EMEP ( ) Operational modelling of HM transboundary pollution within EMEP region (1.3.2b) Assessment of long-term changes of HM transboundary pollution ( ) (1.1.4, 1.3.2b) Country-scale pollution assessment – Case studies (1.3.5) Assessment of Hg intercontinental transport (1.3.6, 1.3.8c) Research and development:  Transition of the modelling system to the new EMEP grid (1.3.4)  Pilot simulations on the new EMEP grid and evaluation against measurements (1.3.4)  Elaboration of multi-media model approach for Hg (1.3.8c) Co-operation with subsidiary bodies, international organizations and programmes (1.6.2, 1.6.3, 1.1.7) EMEP activities on heavy metals in 2014

EMEP Steering Body, Geneva, 2014 Emissions data for modelling Item 4.3Co-operation with TFEIP EMEP official emissions data (Parties, CEIP): Time-series of national emission totals (Parties, annually) Gridded emissions for the latest reported year (CEIP, annually) Gridded sectoral emissions (Parties, once in five years) Emissions from Large Point Sources (Parties, once in five years) Additional emissions data for modelling (MSC-E): Time-series of gridded annual emissions for Speciation of Hg emissions (Hg 0, Hg(II) gas, Hg(II) part ) Vertical distribution of anthropogenic emissions Emissions for the non-EMEP countries within the EMEP domain (Northern Africa and Middle East) Gridded emissions on a global scale (Hg) Natural and secondary sources (re-suspension and re-emission)

EMEP Steering Body, Geneva, 2014 Pb in precipitation 59 sites Pb in air 45 sites Measurements of Pb, Cd and Hg in 2012 Monitoring of heavy metals within EMEP Coverage of EMEP monitoring network for HMs is still limited Cd in air 44 sites Cd in precipitation 59 sites Hg in air 18 sites Hg in precipitation 27 sites Items

EMEP Steering Body, Geneva, in air - in precip. - co-located HM monitoring within EMEP Benefits of moss data:  Wide spatial coverage  Large number of sites  Long period of measurements ( )  Evaluation of total (wet+dry) deposition HM in mosses (2005) Measurements of heavy metal concentration in mosses Supplementary measurement data Co-operation with WGE Item 1.1.6

EMEP Steering Body, Geneva, 2014 HM in mosses (2005)HM in mosses ( ) Measurements of heavy metal concentration in mosses Supplementary measurement data Co-operation with WGE Item Conc. in mosses, mg/kg Total deposition, g/km 2 /y Conc. in moss Deposition flux Cd Conc. in mosses, mg/kg Total deposition, kg/km 2 /y Conc. in moss Deposition flux Pb

EMEP Steering Body, Geneva, 2014 Selected sites Pb, Cd Hg - in air - in precip. - co-located Evaluation of long-term trends Joint analysis of measurements and modelling Items 1.1.4, 1.1.8, 1.3.2b Co-operation with TFMM Pb (DE1, Germany) Hg (SE2, SE14, Sweden)

EMEP Steering Body, Geneva, 2014 Pb (DE3, Germany) Evaluation of long-term trends Smoothed approximation of long-term changes Bi-exponential approximation:  ,  2 – characteristic times Cd Long-term changes of HM deposition to Europe PbHg Items 1.1.4, 1.1.8, 1.3.2b Co-operation with TFMM

EMEP Steering Body, Geneva, 2014 Evaluation of long-term trends Long-term changes in EMEP countries ( ) Items 1.1.4, 1.1.8, 1.3.2b Co-operation with TFMM SwitzerlandPb SwedenPb BelarusPb

EMEP Steering Body, Geneva, 2014 Evaluation of long-term trends Long-term changes in EMEP countries ( ) Pb Items 1.1.4, 1.1.8, 1.3.2b Hg Analysis of long-term trends will be further discussed at TFMM Workshop (November, 2014) Co-operation with TFMM

EMEP Steering Body, Geneva, 2014 Country-scale pollution assessment Case studies of HM pollution in selected EMEP countries Approach: Evaluation of pollution levels in a country with fine spatial resolution involving variety of national data Requirements: Detailed emissions data (fine resolution, source categories, LPS) Additional measurements from national monitoring networks Participation of national experts in joint analysis of the results Countries involved: Country Czech RepCroatiaNetherlandsBelarus Status complete in progress Croatia Netherlands Czech Republic Co-operation with TFMM Items 1.3.5, 1.1.9

EMEP Steering Body, Geneva, 2014 Contribution of different emission source categories Pb deposition in the Netherlands Heavy metal pollution in the Netherlands Additional information on country scale: Pollution levels with fine spatial resolution (down to 5×5 km 2 ) Contamination of the country provinces Mean deposition, kg/km 2 /y Source categories: - Aviation - Small-scale combustion - Industrial processes - Transport - Iron and steel production - Other Co-operation with TFMM Items 1.3.5, 1.1.9

EMEP Steering Body, Geneva, 2014 Pb deposition in the Netherlands Heavy metal pollution in the Netherlands Major foreign contributors: - Germany - Belgium - United Kingdom - France Major national contributor: - Noord-Holland province Contribution of different emission source categories Transboundary transport between country’s provinces Additional information on country scale: Pollution levels with fine spatial resolution (down to 5×5 km 2 ) Contamination of a country provinces Co-operation with TFMM Items 1.3.5, 1.1.9

EMEP Steering Body, Geneva, 2014 Heavy metal pollution in the Netherlands Percents Contribution of LPS to Pb deposition (Tata Steel IJmuiden BV, Netherlands) Pollution from large point sources Contribution of different emission source categories Transboundary transport between country’s provinces Additional information on country scale: Pollution levels with fine spatial resolution (down to 5×5 km 2 ) Contamination of a country provinces Co-operation with TFMM Items 1.3.5, 1.1.9

EMEP Steering Body, Geneva, 2014 Monitoring data: 1 background site (Berezinsky reserve) 19 urban stations Heavy metal measurements in soil Case studies: Further activity Co-operation with TFMM Items 1.3.5, Preparation of input data for modellingSeptember, 2014 Pilot calculations with fine resolutionOctober, 2014 Joint analysis of the resultsJanuary, 2015 Calculation of country-specific informationMarch, 2015 Preparation of the reportApril, 2015 Assessment of heavy metal pollution in EECCA countries (Belarus) Emissions data (Pb, 2010): Resolution – 10x10 km 2 Source categories Large-point sources Timeline: Assessment results will be presented at the next TFMM meeting in spring 2015 Measurement sites in Belarus

EMEP Steering Body, Geneva, 2014 Objective: Provide boundary concentrations of heavy metals for national scale simulations with MINNI model Support of national scale modelling Co-operation with national experts from Italy (MINNI project) Co-operation with TFMM Items 1.3.5, Air concentrations of As over EMEP domain (simulated by MSC-E) Considered species: Pb, Cd, Hg, As, Ni, Cr, Zn, Cu, Se Domain: Italy and surrounding territories Period: 2010 Emissions: EMEP official data, expert estimates MINNI simulations ng/m 3 Should we intensify activities on heavy metals of second priority within EMEP?

EMEP Steering Body, Geneva, 2014 Current activities on implementation of the new grid: Preparation of input information for the new EMEP domain Adaptation of GLEMOS model code for regional simulations on the new grid Pilot simulations on the new EMEP grid with high spatial resolution Preliminary evaluation against EMEP observations Current and new EMEP domains Current EMEP domain New EMEP domain Further development of GLEMOS (Global EMEP Multi-media Modelling System) Transition of the modelling system to the new EMEP grid Co-operation with TFMM Item 1.3.4

EMEP Steering Body, Geneva, 2014 Required information: Orography (m, a.s.l.) Precipitation (mm/month) Input information for the new grid Preparation of variety of input information for modeling Fraction of forests and shrubs (%) Land cover information should be harmonized between the EMEP and WGE Centers Geophysical information (orography, …) Generation of meteorological input (wind speed, precipitation, …) Land use/land cover information Characteristics of underlying surface and vegetation (LAI, OM content, …) Data on reactants and aerosols in the atmosphere Generation of oceanic data (sea currents, salinity, …) Co-operation with TFMM Item 1.3.4

EMEP Steering Body, Geneva, 2014 Pilot modelling on the new EMEP grid Nested simulations of Hg deposition (January and July 2010) Hg total deposition over the globe (1°×1°) Hg deposition over the new EMEP grid (0.2°×0.2°) Co-operation with TFMM Item 1.3.4

EMEP Steering Body, Geneva, 2014 Hg 0 concentration (0.2°×0.2°) and locations of EMEP monitoring sites Comparison of simulated Hg 0 concentration with measurements Evaluation of monthly mean Hg wet deposition Evaluation of pilot modelling results Co-operation with TFMM Item 1.3.4

EMEP Steering Body, Geneva, 2014 Comparison of simulated Hg wet deposition with measurements Hg wet deposition (0.2°×0.2°) and locations of EMEP monitoring sites Evaluation of monthly mean Hg wet deposition Evaluation of pilot modelling results Co-operation with TFMM Item 1.3.4

EMEP Steering Body, Geneva, 2014 Comparison of hourly Hg concentration (January 2010) ModelObservations Hg 0 Hg(II) part Day of year Location of Waldhof site Underlying map – Hg anthropogenic emissions (0.2°x0.2°) Evaluation of pilot modelling results Simulated Hg 0 concentration vs. measurements at Waldhof (DE2) DE2 Co-operation with TFMM Item Evaluation of the model performance on the new EMEP grid will be continued with other pollutants (Pb, Cd, POPs)

EMEP Steering Body, Geneva, 2014 Elaboration of multi-media model approach for Hg General cycling of Hg in the ocean Development of model parameterizations: Air-water exchange of Hg between the atmosphere and the ocean Hg oxidation and reduction under solar and dark conditions Hg adsorption by suspended particulate matter and colloids Methylation and demethylation (biotic and abiotic) Literature survey of Hg processes in seawater is published in Ocean Science Discussion (Batrakova et al., 2014) Simulated Hg concentration in seawater Item 1.3.8c Further development of GLEMOS

EMEP Steering Body, Geneva, 2014 Objective: Multi-model assessment of Hg atmos. processes and Hg pollution levels over the globe and in selected regions Mercury multi-model assessment Co-operation with TF HTAP and EU GMOS project Tasks of the analysis: Global Hg concentration and deposition patterns Regional Hg patterns in Europe and Asia Hg dispersion and processes in the Polar regions Inverse modelling and evaluation of Hg emissions Source-receptor relationships on a global scale Hg processes in the atmosphere Storage in centralized database Simulations program Task 1Task 2 Task 3… Distributed analysis Measurements Simulation results Multi-model experiments GMOS network Information flows of the study Co-operation with TF HTAP Items 1.1.7, 1.3.6, 1.6.2, TF HTAP

EMEP Steering Body, Geneva, 2014 Regional Hg networks (EMEP, AMAP, MDN, AMNet, NAtChem, …) GMOS global network for Hg ( …) Mercury multi-model assessment GMOS EMEP AMAP NAtChem MDN AMNet NAtChem AMNet MDN AMAP Hg measurements within EMEP ( …) Co-operation with TF HTAP More close co-operation between EMEP and other monitoring programs is required to get access to measurement data Co-operation with TF HTAP and EU GMOS project Monitoring networks and programs for Hg: Items 1.1.7, 1.3.6, 1.6.2, 1.6.3

EMEP Steering Body, Geneva, 2014 EMEP/MSC-E performs general coordination of the study and leads Hg model assessment on a global scale Participating models: ModelScaleInstitution GLEMOSglobal/regionalEMEP/MSC-E ICHMERITglobalCNR-IIA (Italy) GRAHMglobalEnvironment Canada GEOS-ChemglobalMIT (USA) CMAQ-Hg-HemhemisphericLamar University (USA) WRF-ChemregionalCNR-IIA (Italy) CMAQ-HgregionalHZG (Germany) Co-operation with TF HTAP Mercury multi-model assessment Co-operation with TF HTAP and EU GMOS project Items 1.1.7, 1.3.6, 1.6.2, 1.6.3

EMEP Steering Body, Geneva, 2014 Co-operation with international bodies Support of Minamata Convention on Mercury (UNEP) EMEP/MSC-E activities: Participation in the Global Mercury Assessment 2013 for the 5 th session of the Intergovernmental Negotiation Committee (Geneva, January 2013) Updated model estimates for the Conference of Plenipotentiaries on adoption of the Minamata Convention (Japan, October 2013) Update of Global Mercury Assessment in co- operation with UNEP and AMAP for the 6 th session of the Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee (Thailand, November 2014) Items 1.1.7, 1.3.6

EMEP Steering Body, Geneva, 2014 Simulated Hg annual deposition in 2010 (GLEMOS) Intercontinental transport of Hg Pilot estimates of source-receptor relationships for Hg deposition Source regions South Asia East Asia South East Asia Australia and New Zealand Africa Middle East North America Mexico & Central America South America Europe CIS countries Arctic Antarctica Source/receptor regions: Natural and legacy sources Hg deposition flux, g/km 2 /y Items 1.3.6, 1.3.8c, 1.6.2

EMEP Steering Body, Geneva, 2014 Simulated Hg annual deposition in 2010 (GLEMOS) Hg deposition to the ocean Source attribution of Hg deposition to fishing areas (2010) Hg deposition flux, g/km /y Hg deposition flux Fisheries production, x10 t/y 6 - Total marine capture fisheries production (FAO, 2013) FAO fishing areas 18 - Arctic Sea 21 - Northwest Atlantic 27 - Northeast Atlantic 31 - Western Central Atlantic 34 - Eastern Central Atlantic 37 - Mediterranean and Black Sea 41 - Southwest Atlantic 47 - Southeast Atlantic 48 - Antarctic Atlantic 51 - Western Indian Ocean 57 - Eastern Indian Ocean 58 - Antarctic Indian Ocean 61 - Northwest Pacific 67 - Northeast Pacific 71 - Western Central Pacific 77 - Eastern Central Pacific 81 - Southwest Pacific 87 - Southeast Pacific 88 - Antarctic Pacific Items 1.3.6, 1.3.8c, 1.6.2

EMEP Steering Body, Geneva, 2014 Workplan elements on HMs for 2015 Assessment of heavy metal pollution:  Operational monitoring and modelling pollution levels within EMEP and evaluation of modelling results against measurements (1.1.4, 1.3.2b)  Country-scale assessment of HM pollution within the Case studies (Belarus) in co-operation with TFMM and national experts (1.3.5)  Evaluation of the role of large point sources (LPS) in HM pollution within EMEP countries (1.3.5) Research and development:  Further testing and evaluation of regional modelling on the new EMEP grid (1.3.4)  Further development of multi-media modelling of Hg to assess contribution of secondary and legacy sources their interaction with climate change (1.3.6, 1.3.8c)  Refinement of wind re-suspension of HMs and study of Hg interaction with atmospheric aerosol (1.3.6, 1.3.8c)

EMEP Steering Body, Geneva, 2014 Workplan elements on HMs for 2015 Co-operation with international bodies:  Assessment of HM pollution of the Baltic Sea (HELCOM) (1.1.7)  Coordination of multi-model study of Hg dispersion in the environment within GMOS/TFHTAP model experiments (1.1.7, 1.6.3, co-funded by EC)  Update of Global Mercury Assessment in co-operation with UNEP and AMAP to support Minamata Convention (1.1.7, 1.3.6, 1.6.2, co-funded by AMAP)